{"id":1002,"date":"2010-02-08T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2010-02-07T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/jean-colin-napoleonovo-vojenske-vzdelani-uvod-i-4\/"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:33:17","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:33:17","slug":"jean-colin-napoleonovo-vojenske-vzdelani-uvod-i-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/jean-colin-napoleonovo-vojenske-vzdelani-uvod-i-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Jean Colin. Napoleonovo vojensk\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed. \u00davod, I.4."},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
4. Teorie a praxe.<\/em><\/div>\n

P\u0159es tyto tak siln\u00e9 z\u00e1sady a z d\u016fvod\u016f materi\u00e1ln\u00edho charakteru je v\u00e1lka 17. stolet\u00ed pomal\u00e1, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e tato pomalost ze zvyku \u010dasto panuje, a\u010d ji nic neospravedl\u0148uje. Chyba je v\u0161ak brzy odhalena.<\/p>\n

Feuqui\u00e8res \u010din\u00ed samotn\u00e9mu kr\u00e1li v roce 1668 pro jeho pomalost tuto v\u00fd\u010ditku:<\/p>\n

\u201eB\u00fdvalo by bylo snadn\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e9st zpo\u010d\u00e1tku v\u00e1lku do st\u0159edu zem\u011b a dob\u00fdt ji v jedin\u00e9m ta\u017een\u00ed, atd.“ Stejn\u00fd soud je vysloven tak\u00e9 o operac\u00edch roku 1690, kdy\u017e je Luxembourgova ofenz\u00edva po skv\u011bl\u00e9m v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed u Fleurusu p\u0159eru\u0161ena. Podobn\u00e1 pomalost je ozna\u010dov\u00e1na za v\u00fdzna\u010dnou chybu jak v 17. tak v 19. stolet\u00ed. Pasivita n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed Maurice de Saxe je p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b kritizov\u00e1na v\u0161emi jeho sou\u010dasn\u00edky.<\/p>\n

Jin\u00e9 operace, je\u017e se n\u00e1m zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 diktov\u00e1ny boj\u00e1cn\u00fdm duchem a jsou v protikladu ke skute\u010dn\u00fdm princip\u016fm v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed, si vyslou\u017eily od sou\u010dasn\u00edk\u016f souhlas; ani ty v\u0161ak nem\u016f\u017eeme rozhodn\u011b odsoudit. To proto, \u017ee do v\u011bci vstupuj\u00ed prvky velice slo\u017eit\u00e9 politiky, je\u017e pokl\u00e1d\u00e1me za p\u0159e\u017eit\u00e9, ale kter\u00e9 mohou v r\u016fzn\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch nab\u00fdt sv\u016fj pln\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Jeden jejich p\u0159\u00edklad si vybereme ve Villarsov\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch, a to pro jejich p\u0159\u00edbuznost s prvn\u00edm Bonapartov\u00fdm ta\u017een\u00edm, a proto\u017ee d\u00edlo, z n\u011bho\u017e si jej vyp\u016fj\u010d\u00edme, je z t\u011bch, je\u017e Napoleon musel b\u011bhem sv\u00e9 slu\u017eby u pluku zn\u00e1t (1):<\/p>\n

\u201eKdyby kr\u00e1l vedl v\u00e1lku s kr\u00e1lovnou uherskou v N\u011bmecku a spojil se s jednou z italsk\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed, mohl by v It\u00e1lii v\u00e9st diverzi, je\u017e by nutila panovnici udr\u017eovat v Lombardii v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed arm\u00e1dn\u00ed sbor, nebylo by v kr\u00e1lov\u011b z\u00e1jmu skon\u010dit v\u00e1lku v It\u00e1lii p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 rychle, nebo\u0165 uhersk\u00e1 kr\u00e1lovna by p\u0159evedla v\u0161echny sv\u00e9 s\u00edly do N\u011bmecka a kr\u00e1l by nebyl nad\u00e1le podporov\u00e1n vojskem italsk\u00e9 mocnosti, je\u017e by mu tuto diverzi umo\u017enila. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad posta\u010duje k prok\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed spr\u00e1vnosti tohoto post\u0159ehu, a pan mar\u0161\u00e1l de Villars si j\u00edm v\u00fdhodn\u011b poslou\u017eil v roce 1733 v It\u00e1lii, kdy\u017e p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dil sardinsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le, aby si zajistil n\u011bkolik op\u011brn\u00fdch bod\u016f jako Pizzighettone, Mil\u00e1no \u010di Tortone, nam\u00edsto v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho z\u00e1m\u011bru<\/em>, jen\u017e se tomuto panovn\u00edkovi marn\u011b pokou\u0161el nab\u00edzet pan mar\u0161\u00e1l de Rebinder, jen\u017e spo\u010d\u00edval ve veden\u00ed spojen\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy Francie, \u0160pan\u011blska a Piemontu na hranice Trenta, kde by se postavila pochodu vojsk, je\u017e cht\u011bl c\u00edsa\u0159 vyslat do It\u00e1lie; d\u00edky tomuto z\u00e1m\u011bru, kter\u00fd byl mnohem<\/em> vojen\u0161t\u011bj\u0161\u00ed<\/em>, bychom b\u00fdvali mohli zat\u00edm v klidu tyto pevnosti oblehnout; ale pan mar\u0161\u00e1l de Villars, kter\u00fd vid\u011bl pochodovat 70 000 c\u00edsa\u0159ov\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f do Lombardie, soudil, \u017ee d\u00edky de Rebinderov\u011b z\u00e1m\u011bru by mohla v\u00e1lka skon\u010dit v jedin\u00e9m ta\u017een\u00ed, a \u017ee t\u011bchto 70 000 mu\u017e\u016f by pos\u00edlilo n\u011bmeckou arm\u00e1du, kam by sardinsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l nepochybn\u011b odm\u00edtl pochodovat, a kde by Francie jen t\u011b\u017eko takto pos\u00edlen\u00e9 n\u011bmeck\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b odol\u00e1vala; jeho politika tedy byla pro Francii mnohem v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.“<\/p>\n

Existuj\u00ed tedy okolnosti, za nich\u017e pro v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159esn\u00fd politick\u00fd kalkul nesledujeme nejvojen\u0161t\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011br; ale profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed voj\u00e1ky to nemate a na principech vojensk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed to nic nem\u011bn\u00ed. Dnes, v brut\u00e1ln\u00ed jednoduchosti na\u0161ich v\u00e1lek n\u00e1rodn\u00ed odplaty, t\u00edhneme na toto zapom\u00ednat; nicm\u00e9n\u011b tyto principy, jakkoli p\u0159esn\u00e9, nesm\u011bj\u00ed b\u00fdt nikdy jedin\u00fdm ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm aspektem operac\u00ed; v\u00e1lka je jen n\u00e1stroj ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch politiky a nem\u016f\u017ee od n\u00ed b\u00fdt izolov\u00e1na. Kdy\u017e je\u0161t\u011b existovaly mal\u00e9 st\u00e1ty st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy, N\u011bmecka a It\u00e1lie, nebylo v\u00e1lky bez mno\u017estv\u00ed v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b nespolehliv\u00fdch alianc\u00ed, a mu\u017ei de Villarsovy \u010di Fridrichovy povahy a d\u016fvtipu hr\u00e1li v\u017edy z fronty dvoj\u00ed hru. A to proto, \u017ee ve v\u00e1lce se ne\u010din\u00ed nic pro nic za nic, a ur\u010dit\u00e1 oprerace, je\u017e by vypadala z vojensk\u00e9ho hlediska jako chybn\u00e1, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt motivov\u00e1na politick\u00fdmi okolnostmi a p\u0159ijat\u00e1 bez v\u00fdhrad. Charakter v\u00e1lky Villarsovy \u010di Fridrichovy, diplomat\u016f stejn\u011b jako gener\u00e1l\u016f, se tedy mus\u00ed zcela z\u0159ejm\u011b vzdalovat od princip\u016f, je\u017e tito stejn\u00ed mu\u017ei prosazovali coby danosti vojensk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Trv\u00e1me-li na takov\u00e9m rozli\u0161en\u00ed, je\u017e lze ozna\u010dit za p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 jemn\u00e9, pak proto, \u017ee n\u00e1m jako z\u00e1sadn\u00ed p\u0159ipad\u00e1 uk\u00e1zat, kterak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ve v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch posledn\u00edch stalet\u00ed politick\u00fd v\u00fdsledek operac\u00ed ob\u010das chud\u00fd, jejich pr\u016fb\u011bh pomal\u00fd, ani\u017e by v\u0161ak t\u00edm byly doktr\u00edny p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 voj\u00e1k\u016fm pok\u0159iveny, a to zde shled\u00e1v\u00e1me podstatn\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

Star\u00fd Feuqui\u00e8res \u0161el a\u017e k prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, \u017ee kdo chce dob\u0159e v\u00e9st v\u00e1lku, mus\u00ed se obej\u00edt bez spojenc\u016f. Guibert, kter\u00fd p\u0159edpov\u00eddal Revoluci, sou\u010dasn\u011b ohla\u0161oval \u00e9ru v\u00e1lek za nez\u00e1vislost, zbaven\u00fdch ve\u0161ker\u00fdch diplomatick\u00fdch komplikac\u00ed:<\/p>\n

\u201eUstaven\u00e9 a siln\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, jak\u00fdm by m\u011bla b\u00fdt Francie, pot\u0159ebuje vz\u00e1cn\u011b velk\u00e9 spojence a nikdy mal\u00e9; m\u011blo by se v\u017edy vyvarovat toho, aby je m\u011blo v zemi \u010di v okol\u00ed zem\u011b, kde pl\u00e1nuje m\u00edt d\u011bji\u0161t\u011b v\u00e1lky. Na\u0161e politika ohleduplnost\u00ed, tajn\u00fdch podpor, je n\u00edzk\u00e1 a pro velk\u00fd n\u00e1rod zni\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed; neblah\u00e1 je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro vojensk\u00e9 operace: obt\u011b\u017euje gener\u00e1ly a nep\u016fsob\u00ed dob\u0159e na arm\u00e1dy…\u00a0 Slab\u00e9 a \u0161patn\u011b ustaven\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, vle\u010den\u00e9 politikou sv\u00fdch soused\u016f, jsou tak\u0159ka v\u017edy nuceny j\u00edt proti sv\u00fdm skute\u010dn\u00fdm z\u00e1jm\u016fm, nuceny neust\u00e1le lav\u00edrovat, m\u011bnit postupy, dr\u017eet se cesty, je\u017e je odv\u00e1d\u00ed od jejich c\u00edle.<\/p>\n

U st\u00e1tu \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b ustaven\u00e9ho a skute\u010dn\u011b siln\u00e9ho tomu tak nebude; \u0159\u00edk\u00e1m skute\u010dn\u011b, nebo\u0165 je t\u0159eba dob\u0159e rozli\u0161ovat opravdovou s\u00edlu, postavenou na dobr\u00e9m rozm\u011bru a \u00fastav\u011b st\u00e1tu, a zd\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00edly, postaven\u00e9 na p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9m roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed dr\u017eav, na okam\u017eit\u00fdch triumfech, jedn\u00edm slovem na v\u0161em, co nem\u016f\u017ee trvat. Takov\u00fd st\u00e1t bude nucen se sv\u00fdmi sousedy vyjedn\u00e1vat jen vz\u00e1cn\u011b. Tak\u0159ka ve\u0161ker\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy ostatn\u00edch n\u00e1rod\u016f mu budou lhostejn\u00e9. Je-li pak p\u0159es svou um\u00edrn\u011bnost napaden ve sv\u00fdch z\u00e1jmech, na sv\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed, na sv\u00e9 cti, povede v\u00e1lku. Ale kdy\u017e ji povede, pak s nasazen\u00edm sv\u00fdch ve\u0161ker\u00fdch sil; bude to s pevn\u00fdm rozhodnut\u00edm neodlo\u017eit zbran\u011b, dokud nedos\u00e1hne od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed \u00fam\u011brn\u00e9ho sv\u00e9 ur\u00e1\u017ece. Bude stra\u0161liv\u00fd ve sv\u00e9m hn\u011bvu, do zem\u011b sv\u00e9ho nep\u0159\u00edtele vnese ohe\u0148 a \u017eelezo. Svou mstou bude d\u011bsit ve\u0161ker\u00e9 n\u00e1rody, je\u017e by se pokusily ru\u0161it jeho klid. A nech\u0165 nejsou naz\u00fdv\u00e1ny barbarstv\u00edm ani poru\u0161en\u00edm domn\u011bl\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f v\u00e1lky represe op\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed se o z\u00e1kony p\u0159irozenosti. \u0160\u0165astn\u00fd a m\u00edrumilovn\u00fd lid byl napaden. Povstane, opust\u00ed sv\u00e9 domovy. Zhyne do posledn\u00edho, je-li to t\u0159eba; ale dos\u00e1hne zadostiu\u010din\u011bn\u00ed, pomst\u00ed se, a leskem t\u00e9to pomsty zajist\u00ed si budouc\u00ed klid.<\/p>\n

Takov\u00fd st\u00e1t, bd\u011bl\u00fd pot\u00edrat k\u0159ivdy, nebude svou politikou spojencem \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda.“<\/p>\n

Li\u0161\u00ed-li se tato koncepce v\u00e1lky od Carnotovy \u010di Napoleonovy, pak jen t\u00edm, \u017ee je jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed a prud\u0161\u00ed. Tato Guibertem koncipovan\u00e1 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed pomsta m\u00e1 pon\u011bkud divok\u00fd charakter, jen\u017e jsme na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed nikdy neuvedli do praxe, opovr\u017een\u00ed aliancemi tak\u00e9 ne.<\/p>\n

Taktici 18. stolet\u00ed tedy zam\u00fd\u0161lej\u00ed v\u00e9st n\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u00e1lku, v\u00e1lku do krajnosti, a takov\u00e9 u\u010d\u00ed Bonaparta od jeho prvn\u00edch \u0161koln\u00edch let; a ani\u017e bychom tvrdili, \u017ee jde o koncepci st\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f a gener\u00e1l\u016f 17. stolet\u00ed, vid\u011bli jsme alespo\u0148 to, \u017ee ti spat\u0159uj\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch jen ve v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed v otev\u0159en\u00e9 krajin\u011b, \u017ee \u201ezni\u010den\u00ed \u017eiv\u00e9 s\u00edly nep\u0159\u00edtele“ p\u0159isuzuj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam ne\u017e spisovatel\u00e9 19. stolet\u00ed. Pomalost jejich operac\u00ed nepoch\u00e1z\u00ed z ducha, kter\u00fd je \u0159\u00eddil; je jim vnucena primitivn\u00edm stavem v\u00fdzbroje.<\/p>\n

Pozn\u00e1mky:<\/p>\n

<\/em>(1) Bourcet, Principes de la guerre de montagne.<\/p>\n

<\/em>Zp\u011bt na obsah.<\/a>
\n<\/em><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st \u00favodu, podkapitola Teorie a praxe<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,6214],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1002","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-texty_bez_rubriky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1002","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1002"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1002\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12869,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1002\/revisions\/12869"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1002"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1002"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1002"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}