{"id":1003,"date":"2010-02-15T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2010-02-14T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/jean-colin-napoleonovo-vojenske-vzdelani-uvod-ii-1\/"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:33:17","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:33:17","slug":"jean-colin-napoleonovo-vojenske-vzdelani-uvod-ii-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/jean-colin-napoleonovo-vojenske-vzdelani-uvod-ii-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Jean Colin. Napoleonovo vojensk\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed. \u00davod, II.1."},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
II<\/div>\n
V\u00c1LKA MINULOSTI<\/div>\n
1. Bitva v roce 1643.<\/em><\/div>\n

Palnou zbran\u00ed je mu\u0161keta, je\u017e se nab\u00edj\u00ed tak pomalu, s nutnost\u00ed utloukat kuli a rozfoukat doutn\u00e1k, \u017ee jej\u00ed vliv na pr\u016fb\u011bh bitvy je bezv\u00fdznamn\u00fd. Mu\u0161ket\u00fd\u0159i byli zkou\u0161eni v roli tiraj\u00e9r\u016f v nerovn\u00e9m \u010di kryt\u00e9m ter\u00e9nu; jejich hodnotu v\u0161ak posoud\u00edme nejl\u00e9pe, p\u0159ipomeneme-li \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 mu\u0161ket\u00fdry u Rocroi, kte\u0159\u00ed byli vytla\u010deni z lesn\u00edho porostu \u00fatokem jezdectva! D\u011blost\u0159electvo sest\u00e1valo z n\u011bkolika d\u011bl tak m\u00e1lo pohybliv\u00fdch, jako jsou dnes na\u0161e nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed obl\u00e9hac\u00ed kan\u00f3ny. Na arm\u00e1du jich p\u0159ipadalo nejv\u00fd\u0161e dvan\u00e1ct \u010di patn\u00e1ct a ne\u017e do\u0161lo k p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9mu st\u0159etu, vyp\u00e1lily jen n\u011bkolik ran. Ve skute\u010dnosti je bitva u Rocroi sveda chladnou zbran\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Obsadit les a o\u010dek\u00e1vat zde \u00fatok nen\u00ed, jak jsme pr\u00e1v\u011b vid\u011bli, k ni\u010demu; ztratili bychom svobodu pohyb\u016f, ani\u017e bychom z\u00edskali skute\u010dnou ochranu. Ob\u011b strany mohou spol\u00e9hat v\u00fdhradn\u011b na samotn\u00e9 mu\u017ee a jejich zbran\u011b, ani\u017e by mohly hledat jakoukoli oporu v ter\u00e9nu. Opevn\u011bn\u00ed je nezbytn\u00e9 k udr\u017een\u00ed se proti v\u00fdrazn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm sil\u00e1m. Nikdo proto neriskuje vysl\u00e1n\u00ed siln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch od\u0159ad\u016f, je\u017e by pro nep\u0159\u00e1telskou arm\u00e1du nep\u0159edstavovaly v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eku ne\u017e prost\u00e1 patrola. Arm\u00e1da pochoduje v\u017edy \u201epohromad\u011b“, koncentrovan\u00e1, a nezab\u00edr\u00e1 za pochodu v\u00edce prostoru ne\u017e v bitevn\u00ed sestav\u011b.<\/p>\n

V tomto je t\u0159eba hledat, jako ve v\u0161ech obdob\u00edch, dvoj\u00ed snahu uniknout sou\u010dasn\u011b riziku rozd\u011blen\u00ed a obkl\u00ed\u010den\u00ed, tj. nem\u00edt ani mezeru ve st\u0159edu linie, ani \u010delo men\u0161\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159e, ne\u017e jak\u00e9 m\u00e1 nep\u0159\u00edtel. Dosah zbran\u00ed je tak\u0159ka nulov\u00fd, mezera, ji\u017e lze v linii ponechat bez nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, nep\u0159esahuje b\u011b\u017en\u00fd rozestup mezi bataliony \u010di eskadronami. Pokud bychom neopatrn\u011b v bitevn\u00ed sestav\u011b ponechali mezeru n\u011bkolika set krok\u016f, nep\u0159\u00edtel by se do ni vrhl, ude\u0159il by na hlavn\u00ed s\u00edlu ze dvou stran, zni\u010dil ji v jedin\u00e9m okam\u017eiku, ne\u017e by m\u011bly odd\u011blen\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti arm\u00e1dy \u010das spojit sv\u00e9 usil\u00ed (1).<\/p>\n

Ob\u011b arm\u00e1dy se tedy \u0159ad\u00ed proti sob\u011b tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159, ka\u017ed\u00e1 se sna\u017e\u00ed postavit proti druh\u00e9 s \u010delem alespo\u0148 stejn\u011b \u0161irok\u00fdm, je\u017e nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt ani otev\u0159en\u00e9, ani nep\u0159\u00edtelem p\u0159esa\u017een\u00e9 (2).\u00a0 Piken\u00fd\u0159i neformuj\u00ed sev\u0159en\u00e9 \u0159ady, stoj\u00ed \u0161achovnicovit\u011b s rozestupem n\u011bkolika krok\u016f, aby mohli voln\u011b ovl\u00e1dat svou zbra\u0148. Je pochopiteln\u00e9, \u017ee takov\u00e1 formace, zkomplikovan\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b kombinov\u00e1n\u00edm piken\u00fdr\u016f a mu\u0161ket\u00fdr\u016f, a faktem, \u017ee m\u00edsto ka\u017ed\u00e9ho mu\u017ee bylo ur\u010deno podle jeho osobn\u00ed odvahy, se zauj\u00edmala dlouho. Taktika se rodila, jednotky byly bez v\u00fdcviku a discipl\u00edny. Byly tu jen neforemn\u00e9 bandy, je\u017e pochodovaly po cest\u00e1ch v nepo\u0159\u00e1dku a do bitvy nastupovaly po jednotlivc\u00edch. K se\u0159azen\u00ed arm\u00e1dy bylo t\u0159eba cel\u00e9ho dne, a je\u0161t\u011b dlouh\u00e9 hodiny nav\u00edc, pokud se m\u011bla pozd\u011bji pozice m\u011bnit. Z obou p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdch protivn\u00edk\u016f se jeden mohl snadno st\u00e1hnout, vybrat si p\u0159itom sm\u011br, kter\u00fd mu vyhovoval, zat\u00edmco druh\u00fd se rozv\u00edjel. Bylo tedy mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159ij\u00edt a\u017e do styku s nep\u0159\u00edtelem, a n\u00e1sledn\u011b boj v posledn\u00ed chv\u00edli odm\u00edtnout.<\/p>\n

Jednou zah\u00e1jen\u00e1 bitva je rychl\u00e1 a rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed. Ob\u011b jezdeck\u00e1 k\u0159\u00eddla \u00fato\u010d\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u011b; jedna eskadrona jako \u00fato\u010dn\u00fd bok, \u010di v jin\u00e9 detailn\u00ed dispozici, osobn\u00ed nasazen\u00ed gener\u00e1la p\u0159i \u00fatoku rozhoduje o \u00fasp\u011bchu ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z k\u0159\u00eddel, a \u010dasto na to n\u00e1sleduje z celkov\u00e9ho pohledu pohyb p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed lopatky v\u011btrn\u00e9ho ml\u00fdna; t\u00e9 z obou stran, je\u017e co nejrychleji a nejrozhodn\u011bji rozvine sv\u016fj \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch a za\u017eene nep\u0159\u00e1telskou kavalerii, nezb\u00fdv\u00e1 ne\u017e zni\u010dit p\u011bchotu a zmocnit se povoz\u016f. \u00datok trv\u00e1 jen n\u011bkolik minut; boj jezdectva \u010dtvrt \u010di p\u016fl hodiny; cel\u00e1 bitva, od prvn\u00edho v\u00fdst\u0159elu kan\u00f3nu po posledn\u00ed r\u00e1nu \u0161avl\u00ed nejd\u00e9le dv\u011b hodiny. Pora\u017een\u00fd zachr\u00e1n\u00ed jen \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9ho jezdectva; jeho p\u011bchota je zni\u010dena, jeho zavazadla a d\u011blost\u0159electvo padly do rukou v\u00edt\u011bze.<\/p>\n

Pozn\u00e1mky.<\/em><\/p>\n

(1) Jde zde o bitvy v otev\u0159en\u00e9m poli. V hor\u00e1ch se pom\u011brn\u011b \u0161irok\u00e9 obchvacuj\u00edc\u00ed pohyby staly nezbytn\u00fdmi a umo\u017en\u011bn\u00fdmi odolnost\u00ed \u010dela arm\u00e1dy.
\n(2) \u201eVe\u0161ker\u00fdm tajemstv\u00edm je postavit proti nep\u0159\u00edteli \u0161irok\u00e9 \u010delo, ale v\u0161ude stejn\u011b siln\u00e9.“ (BOSROGER.)<\/p>\n

\n

***<\/p>\n

Zp\u011bt na obsah.<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Druh\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st \u00favodu, podkapitola Bitva v roce 1643<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,6214],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1003","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-texty_bez_rubriky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1003","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1003"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1003\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16888,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1003\/revisions\/16888"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1003"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1003"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1003"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}