{"id":129,"date":"2004-03-21T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2004-03-20T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/2004\/dvouste-vyroci-vyhlaseni-obcanskeho-zakoniku-francouzu-code-civil-des-francais-21-brezna-1804-nekolik-orientacnich-bodu\/"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:33:58","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:33:58","slug":"200-vyroci-vyhlaseni-obcanskeho-zakoniku-francouzu-21-brezna-1804-nekolik-orientacnich-bodu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/200-vyroci-vyhlaseni-obcanskeho-zakoniku-francouzu-21-brezna-1804-nekolik-orientacnich-bodu\/","title":{"rendered":"200. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed Ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku Francouz\u016f 21. b\u0159ezna 1804 &#8211; n\u011bkolik orienta\u010dn\u00edch bod\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Souvislosti<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 moc se od 15. stolet\u00ed sna\u017eila vytvo\u0159it sb\u00edrku celku r\u016fznorod\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f, zalo\u017een\u00fdch na zvyklostech, kter\u00e1 by uspo\u0159\u00e1dala vztahy ve spole\u010dnosti. Rozli\u0161ovaly se tehdy dv\u011b praxe: prvn\u00ed se op\u00edrala o psan\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo (na jihu Francie, ale rovn\u011b\u017e tak v Alsasku), druh\u00e1 o pr\u00e1vo uchov\u00e1van\u00e9 \u00fastn\u00ed tradic\u00ed, v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 zvykov\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo, dopl\u0148ovan\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00edmi zvyklostmi, naklon\u011bn\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch kli\u010dek a proces\u016fm dlouh\u00e9ho trv\u00e1n\u00ed (severn\u00ed Francie). N\u00e1rodn\u00ed shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed si p\u0159\u00e1lo j\u00edt mnohem d\u00e1l, ne\u017e jen k pouh\u00e9 kolaci r\u016fzn\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f a zvyklost\u00ed: 2. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1791 odhlasovalo, \u017ee bude p\u0159ipraven Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a jmenovalo Jeana-Jacquese-R\u00e9gise Cambac\u00e9rese (1753-1824) p\u0159edsedou Legislativn\u00edho v\u00fdboru (<em>Comit\u00e9 de L\u00e9gislation<\/em>), pov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho jeho redakc\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Politick\u00e1 nestabilita tohoto obdob\u00ed v\u0161ak nedovolila klidn\u00e9 p\u0159ijet\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch projekt\u016f, p\u0159edkl\u00e1dan\u00fdch v l\u00e9tech 1793, 1794 a 1796.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Redakce a diskuse o Ob\u010dansk\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u00edku.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Bonaparte po\u017e\u00e1dal Cambac\u00e9rese po druh\u00e9m italsk\u00e9m ta\u017een\u00ed, aby se znovu ujal sv\u00e9 role a \u0159\u00eddil komisi, kter\u00e1 byla ustavena konzulsk\u00fdm v\u00fdnosem z 18. srpna 1804 (<em>24 thermidor, an VIII<\/em>) ze dvou pr\u00e1vn\u00edk\u016f, ovl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edch zvykov\u00e9 \u00fastn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo, F\u00e9lixe-Juliena-Jeana Bigota de Pr\u00e9ameneu (1747-1825) a Fran\u00e7ois-Denise Troncheta (1726-1806), a tak\u00e9 ze dvou pr\u00e1vn\u00edk\u016f, ovl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edch praxi psan\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va, Jacquese Malevilla (1741-1824) a Jeana-\u00c9tienna-Marie Portalise (1745-1807). Pouh\u00e9 \u010dty\u0159i m\u011bs\u00edce byly nezbytn\u00e9 k redakci \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f, kter\u00e9 musely b\u00fdt n\u00e1sledn\u011b prodiskutov\u00e1ny Kasa\u010dn\u00edm soudem (<em>Tribunal de cassation<\/em>) a odvolac\u00edmi soudy (<em>tribunaux d&#8217;appel<\/em>), a nakonec pak St\u00e1tn\u00ed radou (<em>Conseil d&#8217;\u00c9tat<\/em>). Zased\u00e1n\u00ed St\u00e1tn\u00ed rady, kter\u00fdm p\u0159edsedal Bonaparte, nebo v jeho nep\u0159\u00edtomnosti Cambac\u00e9res, zah\u00e1jen\u00e1 17. \u010dervence 1801, byla velmi intenzivn\u00ed a pln\u00e1 plamenn\u00fdch debat mezi stoupenci obou pr\u00e1vn\u00edch lini\u00ed, zvykov\u00e9 a psan\u00e9. Prvn\u00ed konzul vyu\u017eil ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bny p\u011btiny poslanc\u016f z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00e9ho sboru, prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 losov\u00e1n\u00edm, a v b\u0159eznu 1802 si vymohl v\u00fdrok Sen\u00e1tu, kter\u00fd mu dal mo\u017enost je jmenovat a prosadit tak p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd postoj shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di jeho projektu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk: pozad\u00ed a forma.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">36 z\u00e1kon\u016f a 2 281 \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f, uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fdch ve t\u0159ech \u010d\u00e1stech, v\u011bnovan\u00fdch osob\u00e1m, jm\u011bn\u00ed a majteku, a redigovan\u00fdch v jasn\u00e9m a hutn\u00e9m stylu, aby se vylou\u010dily v\u0161echny nejasnosti: Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk je &#8222;soubor z\u00e1kon\u016f, ur\u010den\u00fdch k \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a stanoven\u00ed vztah\u016f ve spole\u010dnosti, rodin\u011b a zisku, kter\u00e9 mezi sebou maj\u00ed lid\u00e9, n\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed ke stejn\u00e9 obci&#8220; (Portalis : <em>Expos\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Bonaparte jako Ji\u017ean vtisknul Ob\u010dansk\u00e9mu z\u00e1kon\u00edku svou stopu, kdy\u017e obnovil nad\u0159azenost man\u017eela a otce v l\u016fn\u011b rodiny. \u017dena p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed z pod\u0159\u00edzenosti otci do pod\u0159\u00edzenosti sv\u00e9ho man\u017eela a nem\u016f\u017ee bez jeho souhlasu p\u0159ikro\u010dit k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9mu pr\u00e1vn\u00edmu aktu, ani spravovat sv\u016fj majetek, ba ani svobodn\u011b vykon\u00e1vat zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by si zvolila. D\u011bti se vyma\u0148uj\u00ed z otcovsk\u00e9 autority teprve ve v\u011bku 25 let a pak se mohou o\u017eenit nebo vd\u00e1t, ani\u017e by prosily otce o svolen\u00ed. Stejn\u011b tak se m\u016f\u017ee otec rozhodnout poslat sv\u00e9 d\u011bti do polep\u0161ovny (<em>Maison de redressement<\/em>), bude-li jejich chov\u00e1n\u00ed pova\u017eovat za nep\u0159ijateln\u00e9. Stejn\u011b tak n\u00e1rodnost se p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed pouze skrze otce: Francouzem je d\u00edt\u011b francouzsk\u00e9ho otce. Zachov\u00e1ny byly n\u011bkter\u00e9 my\u0161lenky, vze\u0161l\u00e9 z revolu\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad idea rozvodu (zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b rozvodu p\u0159i vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9m souhlasu) a rovnosti d\u011bt\u00ed ve v\u011bci d\u011bdictv\u00ed. Adopce, povolen\u00e1 jen v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b plnolet\u00fdch osob, byla rovn\u011b\u017e regulov\u00e1na Ob\u010dansk\u00fdm z\u00e1kon\u00edkem.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Z\u00e1v\u011br.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Nov\u00e9 modality v\u00fdkonu vlastnick\u00fdch pr\u00e1v smetly feud\u00e1ln\u00ed, tu a tam sekul\u00e1rn\u00ed tradice, a stoj\u00ed u po\u010d\u00e1tku hlubok\u00e9 a trval\u00e9 prom\u011bny spole\u010dnosti. Stejn\u011b tak Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk zakotvil jak ve Francii, tak v cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b, mentalitu z\u00e1kladn\u00edch pr\u00e1v \u010dlov\u011bka a ob\u010dana, svobody sv\u011bdom\u00ed a vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed a ochrany vlastnictv\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">D\u00edlo Ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku bylo dovr\u0161eno p\u0159ijet\u00edm Ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho soudn\u00edho z\u00e1kon\u00edku (<em>Code de proc\u00e9dure civile<\/em>) roku 1806, Obchodn\u00edho z\u00e1kon\u00edku (<em>Code de commerce<\/em>) roku 1807, Z\u00e1kon\u00edku trestn\u00edho vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed (<em>Code d&#8217;instruction criminelle<\/em>) roku 1808 a Trestn\u00edho z\u00e1kon\u00edku (<em>Code p\u00e9nal<\/em>) roku 1810. Roku 1807 dostal Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk jm\u00e9no Napol\u00e9on\u016fv z\u00e1kon\u00edk (<em>Code Napol\u00e9on<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">P\u016fvodn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek <a href=\"http:\/\/www.napoleon.org\/fr\/salle_lecture\/articles\/files\/pointsrepere_codecivil04_delage.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Le Code civil des Fran\u00e7ais, 21 mars 1804 : quelques points de repere<\/em><\/a>, zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00fd v <em>Lettre d\u00b4information<\/em> internetov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky Napoleon.org na 19.-25. b\u0159ezen 2004, p\u0159elo\u017eil Franti\u0161ek J. Hole\u010dek, O.M.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Franti\u0161ek Hole\u010dek p\u0159elo\u017eil \u010dl\u00e1nek pan\u00ed Irene Delage k dvoust\u00e9mu v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed Ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kon\u00edku.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,1,31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-129","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-aktuality","category-evropa-v-letech-1789-1821"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/129","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=129"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/129\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14393,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/129\/revisions\/14393"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=129"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=129"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=129"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}