{"id":14685,"date":"2018-10-31T15:44:32","date_gmt":"2018-10-31T13:44:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/?p=14685"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:32:48","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:32:48","slug":"bubenici-francouzske-pechoty-bubenicke-signaly-1791-1815","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/bubenici-francouzske-pechoty-bubenicke-signaly-1791-1815\/","title":{"rendered":"Buben\u00edci francouzsk\u00e9 p\u011bchoty &#8211; bubenick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly (1791-1815)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Baterie, bubenick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly, u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 ve francouzsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b byly sjednoceny a p\u0159edeps\u00e1ny ordonanc\u00ed ze 14. kv\u011btna 1754, kdy byl tak\u00e9 p\u0159edeps\u00e1n jednotn\u00fd po\u0159adov\u00fd krok. Instrukce z\u00a0roku 1754 popisuje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: <em>l\u2019Appel<\/em>, <em>l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e<\/em>, <em>la<\/em> <em>Charge<\/em>, <em>le<\/em> <em>Drapeau<\/em>, <em>l\u2019Enterrement<\/em>, <em>la<\/em> <em>Fascine<\/em> (<em>Breloque<\/em>), <em>la<\/em> <em>G\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/em>, <em>la<\/em> <em>Marche<\/em> (<em>Marche du Roi de Prusse<\/em>), <em>l\u2019Ordre<\/em> <em>de<\/em> <em>Pied<\/em> <em>Ferme<\/em>, <em>le Ban<\/em>, <em>la Pri\u00e8re<\/em>, <em>la Retraite<\/em>. Postupn\u011b se vyv\u00edjely, m\u011bnil se jejich v\u00fdznam a byly nahrazov\u00e1ny\/dopl\u0148ov\u00e1ny jin\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">P\u0159edpis z\u00a01. srpna 1791 jich zn\u00e1 deset:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Znamen\u00ed tambor-majora pro jednotliv\u00e9 bubenick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>1\u00b0. <em>La g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/em>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; Nat\u00e1hnout pravou pa\u017ei, uchopit h\u016fl uprost\u0159ed a zvednout hlavici do v\u00fd\u0161e n\u00e1kr\u010dn\u00edku.<br \/>\n2\u00b0. <em>L\u2019assembl\u00e9e<\/em>&#8230;&#8230;.. Nat\u00e1hnout pa\u017ei, zvednout h\u016fl asi jednu stopu [32,48 cm] nad zem a sou\u010dasn\u011b d\u00e1t palec na hlavici.<br \/>\n3\u00b0. <em>Le rappel<\/em>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; D\u00e1t h\u016fl na prav\u00e9 rameno, hrotem dozadu.<br \/>\n4\u00b0. <em>Aux drapeaux<\/em>&#8230;.. Zvednout pa\u017ei, oto\u010dit z\u00e1p\u011bst\u00ed k sob\u011b tak, \u017ee h\u016fl je ve vodorovn\u00e9 poloze ve v\u00fd\u0161ce n\u00e1kr\u010dn\u00edku.<br \/>\n5\u00b0. <em>Aux champs<\/em>&#8230;&#8230;.. Zvednout h\u016fl kolmo hrotem vzh\u016fru, pa\u017ee nata\u017een\u00e1 do v\u00fd\u0161ky prav\u00e9ho ramene.<br \/>\n6\u00b0. <em>Le pas acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9<\/em>&#8230; P\u0159en\u00e9st h\u016fl p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159ed sebe, hrotem nap\u0159ed, pa\u017ee nata\u017een\u00e1.<br \/>\n7\u00b0. <em>La retraite<\/em>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. Prot\u00e1hnout h\u016fl nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d za z\u00e1da.<br \/>\n8\u00b0. <em>La messe<\/em>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. P\u0159en\u00e9st hlavici hole na prav\u00e9 rameno.<br \/>\n9\u00b0. <em>La berloque<\/em>&#8230;&#8230;.. Uchopit h\u016fl za \u0161\u0148\u016fru a nat\u00e1hnout pa\u017ei do v\u00fd\u0161ky ramene.<br \/>\n10\u00b0. <em>Aux armes<\/em>&#8230;&#8230;.. P\u0159en\u00e9st h\u016fl na lev\u00e9 rameno, hrotem dozadu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span class=\"youtube\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4Egkmvholx4\" allowfullscreen=\"\" height=\"480\" width=\"853\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b p\u0159edpisov\u00fdch bateri\u00ed existovaly tak\u00e9 n\u011bkter\u00e9 nep\u0159edepsan\u00e9, ale v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch situac\u00edch u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 (p\u0159evzato a m\u00edrn\u011b upraveno\/dopln\u011bno z <a href=\"http:\/\/napoleon-knihy.blogspot.com\/2014\/10\/bez-spojeni-neni-veleni-2-cast.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">textu Michala \u0160\u0165ov\u00ed\u010dka<\/a>):<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>La G\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/strong>: gener\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1stup\u00a0svol\u00e1val v\u0161echny voj\u00e1ky pos\u00e1dky, le\u017een\u00ed nebo t\u00e1bora. Vybubnov\u00e1no ne\u010dekan\u011b pak jako poplach volalo v\u0161echny do zbran\u011b a na jejich poplachov\u00e1 stanovi\u0161t\u011b. P\u0159i v\u00fdcviku oznamovalo konec cvi\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>L\u2019Assembl\u00e9e<\/strong>: n\u00e1stup\u00a0svol\u00e1val voj\u00e1ky po rot\u00e1ch, tak\u00e9 svol\u00e1val <a href=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/poradkova-a-taborova-straz-francouzske-pechoty\/\">t\u00e1borov\u00e9\/pos\u00e1dkov\u00e9 str\u00e1\u017ee<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Le Rappel<\/strong>:\u00a0svol\u00e1val roty k n\u00e1stupu do batalionu. Rovn\u011b\u017e se j\u00edm vzd\u00e1vala \u010dest Sen\u00e1tu nebo jeho jednotliv\u00fdm \u010dlen\u016fm, velkod\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016fm a velitel\u016fm kohort \u010cestn\u00e9 legie, velitel\u016fm teritori\u00e1ln\u00edch diviz\u00ed, vel\u00edc\u00edm divizn\u00edm gener\u00e1l\u016fm a gener\u00e1l\u016fm na inspekci. N\u011bkdy se <em>Le Rappel<\/em> bubnoval m\u00edsto <em>La G\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/em>: kdy\u017e se volala do zbran\u011b jen \u010d\u00e1st t\u00e1bora nebo pos\u00e1dky, nebo se svol\u00e1vali rozpt\u00fdlen\u00ed voj\u00e1ci zp\u00e1tky do \u0159ad\u016f. Za no\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159esunu j\u00edm d\u00e1val zadn\u00ed buben\u00edk sign\u00e1l, \u017ee pot\u0159ebuje, aby se \u010delo kolony zastavilo. U v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch kolon se pak sign\u00e1l p\u0159ed\u00e1val odzadu po batalionech. V poli\/p\u0159i oble\u017een\u00ed oznamovalo, \u017ee pos\u00e1dka chce kapitulovat a vyv\u011b\u0161uje b\u00edl\u00fd prapor, nebo \u017ee jedna \u010di druh\u00e1 strana vys\u00edl\u00e1 parlament\u00e1\u0159e: pak se \u00a0sign\u00e1lu \u0159\u00edkalo <em>La Chamade<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Aux Drapeaux<\/strong>:\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edval se p\u0159i vyn\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed praporu (orlice) z obydl\u00ed velitele k jednotce nebo p\u0159i jeho odn\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed zp\u011bt. V poli se pou\u017e\u00edval ke svol\u00e1n\u00ed rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 jednotky k\u00a0praporu, op\u011btovn\u00e9mu zformov\u00e1n\u00ed batalionu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Aux Champs<\/strong>, tak\u00e9 <em>La Marche<\/em> nebo <em>Le Pas Cadenc\u00e9<\/em>: \u201edo pole\u201c (\u201epochod\u201c, \u201epo\u0159adov\u00fd krok\u201c). V poli oznamovalo, \u017ee \u010delo vojska se vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 na pochod. Jinak se pou\u017e\u00edval na poctu Nejsv\u011bt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u00e1tosti, Jeho Veli\u010denstvu, princ\u016fm a dvorsk\u00fdm hodnost\u00e1\u0159\u016fm, ministr\u016fm, mar\u0161\u00e1l\u016fm, vrchn\u00edm velitel\u016fm. V pevnostech oznamovalo ve\u010dern\u00ed zav\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed bran. V\u00a0tempu 76 krok\u016f v\u00a0minut\u011b doprov\u00e1zelo tzv. b\u011b\u017en\u00fd krok, <em>pas ordinaire<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Le Pas Acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9<\/strong>, tak\u00e9 <em>Le pas Redoubl\u00e9<\/em>: \u201ezrychlen\u00fd (zdvojen\u00fd) krok\u201c. Zav\u00e1d\u011bly se j\u00edm str\u00e1\u017ee. V z\u00e1sad\u011b se bubnovalo tempem 100 krok\u016f za minutu, ale mohlo se na pokyn velitele zrychlovat a\u017e na 120, kdy p\u0159ech\u00e1zel do <em>La Charge<\/em>. \u0160lo o z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pochodov\u00e9 tempo francouzsk\u00e9 p\u011bchoty. Jezdectvu ordonance z\u00a0roku 1804 p\u0159edepsala 110 krok\u016f v\u00a0minut\u011b, p\u011bchot\u011b Var\u0161avsk\u00e9ho v\u00e9vodstv\u00ed p\u0159edklad francouzsk\u00e9ho p\u0159edpisu z\u00a01. srpna 1791 tak\u00e9: a je nepochybn\u00e9, \u017ee i francouzsk\u00e1 p\u011bchota pochodovala \u010dast\u011bji t\u00edmto tempem. V\u00fdraz zdvojen\u00fd krok p\u0159estal b\u00fdt u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n, kdy\u017e bylo tempo b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho kroku ordonanc\u00ed z\u00a0roku 1776 zv\u00fd\u0161eno na 70 v\u00a0minut\u011b, a krok v\u00a0tempu 120 byl nazv\u00e1n man\u00e9vrovac\u00edm krokem.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>La Retraite<\/strong>: \u00fastup.\u00a0V\u00a0t\u00e1bo\u0159e, le\u017een\u00ed \u010di pos\u00e1dce slou\u017eilo jako ve\u010derka (\u010depobit\u00ed). P\u0159i mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdch ud\u00e1lostech, nap\u0159. po\u017e\u00e1ru, na\u0159izoval voj\u00e1k\u016fm okam\u017eit\u00fd n\u00e1vrat do jejich ubikac\u00ed. V\u00a0poli v\u00a0tempu zrychlen\u00e9ho kroku doprov\u00e1zel \u00fastup jednotky.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>La Messe<\/strong>:\u00a0od revoluce se v\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edm smyslu nepou\u017e\u00edval, d\u0159\u00edve svol\u00e1val kompanie beze zbran\u011b v ned\u011bli nebo ve sv\u00e1tek. Stal se sign\u00e1lem, jeho\u017e u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed se li\u0161ilo od pluku k\u00a0pluku i od roty k\u00a0rot\u011b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>La Breloque<\/strong>, tak\u00e9 <em>La Fascine<\/em>:\u00a0bubnoval se pro n\u00e1stup k fasov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo k t\u00e1borov\u00fdm prac\u00edm.\u00a0 P\u0159i cvi\u010den\u00edch dovolovalo jednotk\u00e1m zru\u0161it krok a voln\u00fd rozchod.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Aux Armes<\/strong>: \u201edo zbran\u011b\u201c.\u00a0Svol\u00e1val str\u00e1\u017ee a hl\u00eddky.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>La Charge<\/strong>: \u201e\u00fatok\u201c. Hraje se v\u00a0tempu 120 krok\u016f za minutu v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 f\u00e1zi bod\u00e1kov\u00e9ho \u00fatoku.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>La Diane<\/strong>: \u201ebud\u00ed\u010dek\u201c. V t\u00e1bo\u0159e a v pevnostech budil, v pos\u00e1dce na \u00fasvitu oznamoval otev\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed bran, v t\u00e1bo\u0159e je\u0161t\u011b zdvojen\u00ed str\u00e1\u017e\u00ed, n\u011bkdy t\u00e9\u017e na uv\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edkovi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Le Ban<\/strong>: se nech\u00e1v\u00e1 hr\u00e1t, aby byla obnovena pozornost jednotek. Toto bubnov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed denn\u00edho rozkazu, proslovu vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho d\u016fstojn\u00edka, nebo \u010detb\u011b ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed proklamace, systematick\u00e9 proklamace p\u0159ed d\u016fle\u017eitou bitvou. B\u011bhem ta\u017een\u00ed se rovn\u011b\u017e u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159ed osloven\u00edm civiln\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti.<em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Pozice buben\u00edk\u016f a hudebn\u00edk\u016f podle p\u0159edpisu z\u00a01. srpna 1791.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/1-Musique.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14703\" src=\"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/1-Musique.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"271\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Buben\u00edci ka\u017ed\u00e9ho batalionu budou se\u0159azen\u00ed do jednoho \u0159adu v\u00a0m\u00edrov\u00e9m a do dvou \u0159ad\u016f ve v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m stavu.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> \u00a0Budou st\u00e1t patn\u00e1ct krok\u016f [<em>9,7 m<\/em>] za p\u00e1t\u00fdm pelotonem sv\u00e9ho batalionu (tj. za prav\u00fdm pelotonem lev\u00e9ho p\u016flbatalionu). Tambor-major bude v\u00a0\u010dele buben\u00edk\u016f prvn\u00edho batalionu, kapr\u00e1l-tambor v\u00a0\u010dele buben\u00edk\u016f druh\u00e9ho batalionu. Hudebn\u00edci budou v\u00a0jednom \u0159adu dva kroky [<em>1,3 m<\/em>] za buben\u00edky prvn\u00edho batalionu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">V man\u00e9vrovac\u00ed kolon\u011b budou buben\u00edci pochodovat na \u00farovni p\u00e1t\u00e9ho pelotonu (tj. prvn\u00edho pelotonu lev\u00e9ho p\u016flbatalionu) sv\u00e9ho batalionu na stran\u011b opa\u010dn\u00e9 od vedouc\u00edho\/krajn\u00edka. V kolon\u011b na cest\u011b, stejn\u011b jako p\u0159i pr\u016fchodu z\u00fa\u017een\u00fdmi m\u00edsty vp\u0159ed i p\u0159i \u00fastupu, budou pochodovat v \u010dele sv\u00fdch batalion\u016f, v\u00a0rozchodech mezi nimi. V\u00a0\u00fato\u010dn\u00e9 kolon\u011b buben\u00edci nastoup\u00ed na konec kolony.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> V kar\u00e9 se buben\u00edci a hudebn\u00edci p\u0159esunuj\u00ed dovnit\u0159.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/planche12xs-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-14015\" src=\"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/planche12xs-1-1024x491.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/planche12xs-1-1024x491.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/planche12xs-1-150x72.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/planche12xs-1-300x144.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/planche12xs-1-768x368.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/planche12xs-1-500x240.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Bubenick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly v\u00a0poli, man\u00e9vrovac\u00ed \u010di evolu\u010dn\u00ed baterie.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">V\u00a0poli bylo bubenick\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f neboli bateri\u00ed u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed tempa pochodu a usnadn\u011bn\u00ed jednotnosti po\u0159adov\u00e9ho kroku. V letech 1753-1774 byly teoreticky p\u0159edeps\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 pro p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00fdch povel\u016f pro man\u00e9vry p\u011bchoty, co\u017e se ov\u0161em, nep\u0159ekvapiv\u011b, neosv\u011bd\u010dilo. Aby byly sign\u00e1ly rozeznateln\u00e9, je t\u0159eba, aby byly odli\u0161n\u00e9. A p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho odli\u0161n\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f je obecn\u00fd probl\u00e9m v bitevn\u00ed v\u0159av\u011b, ale i na cvi\u010di\u0161ti, spr\u00e1vn\u011b p\u0159i\u0159adit k po\u017eadovan\u00e9mu pohybu a prov\u00e9st. Snahy ur\u010dovat pomoc\u00ed bubnu zm\u011bnu formace batalionu \u010di jeho pohyb vedou nevyhnuteln\u011b k nedorozum\u011bn\u00edm a chyb\u00e1m \u2013 hlasem p\u0159edan\u00fd upozor\u0148ovac\u00ed (n\u00e1v\u011bst\u00ed) a prov\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed povel \u2013 nelze bubnem nahradit. Rozeznat baterie mezi sebou naproti tomu voj\u00e1k\u016fm probl\u00e9m ne\u010dinilo: jejich \u017eivot v ubikac\u00edch \u010di le\u017een\u00edch a na pochodech byl bubnem \u0159\u00edzen, a v\u0161echny sign\u00e1ly sl\u00fdchali n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t denn\u011b. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b jakmile je mezi za\u017eit\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly vkl\u00e1d\u00e1n ur\u010dit\u00fd po\u010det \u00fader\u016f pali\u010dkou, kter\u00fd ur\u010duje stranu, sm\u011br \u010di konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed podjednotku, p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd d\u016fstojn\u00edk se velmi snadno p\u0159eslechne, a co vypad\u00e1 na pap\u00ed\u0159e zaj\u00edmav\u011b, dopad\u00e1 v praxi katastrofou.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">P\u0159i v\u00fdcviku je sou\u010dasn\u011b bubnov\u00e1n\u00ed ru\u0161iv\u00fdm elementem, proto\u017ee instruktory je t\u0159eba v\u00a0prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b sly\u0161et. Nevyslovuj\u00ed jen povely, ale vysv\u011btluj\u00ed, opravuj\u00ed. Proto ordonance z\u00a0roku 1776 explicitn\u011b v\u00a0kapitole III, \u010dl\u00e1nek 7 (<em>O \u0160kole buben\u00edk\u016f<\/em>) na\u0159izuje:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">\u201eU\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bateri\u00ed je zak\u00e1z\u00e1no ve v\u00fdcvikov\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch a p\u0159i man\u00e9vrech, a nebudou u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny ani p\u0159i pochodu v bitevn\u00ed sestav\u011b ne\u017e pro bubnov\u00e1n\u00ed La Charge, a bude-li to v\u00fdslovn\u011b na\u0159\u00edzeno.\u201c<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Man\u00e9vry jsou my\u0161leny zm\u011bny formac\u00ed batalionu (kdy nem\u00e1 smysl hr\u00e1t ani do kroku, proto\u017ee r\u016fzn\u00e9 podjednotky pochoduj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u011b dlouho), a pochodem v\u00a0bitevn\u00ed sestav\u011b je my\u0161len pochod rozvinut\u00e9ho batalionu. Pro\u010d? Proto\u017ee d\u016fstojn\u00edci a podd\u016fstojn\u00edci p\u0159i tomto velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9m pohybu musej\u00ed dohl\u00ed\u017eet na pochoduj\u00edc\u00ed voj\u00e1ky v\u00a0sev\u0159en\u00fdch \u0159adech a hlasem upozor\u0148ovat jednotliv\u00e9 z\u00e1stupy, kter\u00e9 by zaost\u00e1valy \u010di se p\u0159edch\u00e1zely, rozev\u00edraly, apod. Bubnov\u00e1n\u00ed je v\u00a0takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b kontraproduktivn\u00ed a p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 do v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho hluku, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e snahy d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f a podd\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f batalion \u0159\u00eddit zanikaj\u00ed a st\u00e1vaj\u00ed se neefektivn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">V\u00fdjimkou pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pohybu jednotek je pohyb tiraj\u00e9r\u016f ve st\u0159eleck\u00e9m \u0159et\u011bzu. T\u011bm byly p\u0159edeps\u00e1ny povely p\u0159ed\u00e1van\u00e9 prim\u00e1rn\u011b mal\u00fdm lesn\u00edm rohem (kornetem), ale pro p\u0159\u00edpad jeho absence (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm u gran\u00e1tnick\u00fdch \u010di fyzil\u00edrsk\u00fdch rot) m\u011bly bubenickou alternativu. U tiraj\u00e9r\u016f nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed tolik na jednotnosti a sou\u010dasnosti proveden\u00ed pohybu jako v sev\u0159en\u00e9m tvaru, a bubenick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly se zde rovn\u011b\u017e omezuj\u00ed jen na n\u011bkolik nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch situac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Sign\u00e1ly.<\/em><\/p>\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"height: 188px\" border=\"1\" width=\"469\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 137.833px\"><strong>Pohyb.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 133.033px\"><strong>Sign\u00e1l korneta.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 190.133px\"><strong>Bubenick\u00fd sign\u00e1l.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 137.833px\"><strong>Rozvinut\u00ed.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 133.033px\"><em>D\u00e9ployement.<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 190.133px\"><em>La Breloque.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 137.833px\"><strong>Shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 133.033px\"><em>Ralliement.<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 190.133px\"><em>Aux Drapeaux.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 137.833px\"><strong>\u00dastup.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 133.033px\"><em>Retraite.<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 190.133px\"><em>Retraite.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 137.833px\"><strong>Pochod doprava.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 133.033px\"><em>Marche \u00e0 droite.<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 190.133px\"><em>La Grenadi\u00e8re.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 137.833px\"><strong>Pochod doleva.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 133.033px\"><em>Marche \u00e0 gauche.<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 190.133px\"><em>Les trois coups de charge.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 137.833px\"><strong>\u00datok.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 133.033px\"><em>La charge.<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 190.133px\"><em>La charge.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 137.833px\"><strong>Pomal\u00fd pochod.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 133.033px\"><em>Pas ordinaire.<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 190.133px\"><em>Pas ordinaire.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 137.833px\"><strong>Rychl\u00fd pochod.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 133.033px\"><em>Marche pr\u00e9cipit\u00e9e.<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 190.133px\"><em>La Charge avec roulement.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 137.833px\"><strong>Zastaven\u00ed.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 133.033px\"><em>La Messe.<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 190.133px\"><em>La Messe.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Pro tiraj\u00e9ry byly ur\u010deny ty bubenick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly, je\u017e se nejm\u00e9n\u011b u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159i pochodu v kolon\u011b, abychom p\u0159ede\u0161li jak\u00e9koli z\u00e1m\u011bn\u011b mezi pohybem kolony a pohybem tiraj\u00e9r\u016f; je mo\u017en\u00e9 d\u00e1t tambor-major\u016fm rozkaz nenechat hr\u00e1t <em>La Grenadi\u00e8re<\/em> ani t\u0159i \u00fadery <em>La Charge<\/em>, bude-li kolona flankov\u00e1na tiraj\u00e9ry. Sign\u00e1ly kornet\u016f a buben\u00edk\u016f byly vybr\u00e1ny mezi p\u0159edpisov\u00fdmi, aby byly v\u0161eobecn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Jakkoli autor <em>Slovn\u00edku pozemn\u00edho vojska<\/em> gener\u00e1l Bardin ozna\u010duje man\u00e9vrovac\u00ed \u010di evolu\u010dn\u00ed baterie za d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 a lituje jejich absence v\u00a0p\u0159edpisech od roku 1776 (nenajdeme je ale ji\u017e v instrukci z roku 1774), o jejich \u201esmysluplnosti\u201c si lze ud\u011blat p\u0159edstavu pouh\u00fdm v\u00fd\u010dtem t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u00ed ordonance z\u00a0roku 1766 \u2013 a i ta v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru rad\u00ed u\u017e\u00edvat bubenick\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f k\u00a0\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed man\u00e9vr\u016f jen v\u00a0mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdch situac\u00edch:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Pro n\u00e1hradu nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 s\u00edly hlasu, kdy\u017e ten nebude moci b\u00fdt sly\u0161en v cel\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159i \u010dela batalion\u016f, u\u017eijeme k ohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho pohybu bubenick\u00fdch bateri\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Ke shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed jednotky, nebo k sev\u0159en\u00ed \u0159ad\u016f, kdy\u017e bude shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bna, bude hr\u00e1n <em>Appel<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Pro pochod vp\u0159ed bude hr\u00e1no <em>Aux Champs<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Ka\u017ed\u00fd z pohyb\u016f, nebude-li ur\u010deno jinak, bude ohl\u00e1\u0161en jedn\u00edm virblem, m\u00e1-li b\u00fdt proveden doprava, a dv\u011bma virbly, m\u00e1-li b\u00fdt proveden doprava.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">M\u00e1-li se batalion rozlo\u017eit po diviz\u00edch, po jednom \u010di dvou virblech budou provedeny dva \u00fadery pali\u010dkou, \u010dty\u0159i, pokud p\u016fjde o rozklad po p\u016flbatalionech, t\u0159i, pokud po pelotonech, a p\u011bt, pokud po sekc\u00edch, a pot\u00e9 budou buben\u00edci bubnovat <em>Aux Champs<\/em>: rozlo\u017een\u00fd batalion se znovu zformuje, jakmile bude hr\u00e1no <em>Aux Drapeaux<\/em>, a bude pochodovat vp\u0159ed v bitevn\u00ed sestav\u011b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Bude pochodovat zdvojen\u00fdm krokem, hraje-li se <em>La Charge<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Cel\u00e9 bataliony provedou \u010dtvrtobrat, kdy\u017e po jednom nebo dvou virblech n\u00e1sledovan\u00fdm jedn\u00edm \u00faderem pali\u010dkou budou buben\u00edci hr\u00e1t <em>Aux Champs<\/em>; pokud jde o v\u00edce ne\u017e o jeden batalion, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bly prov\u00e9st \u010dtvrtobrat sou\u010dasn\u011b, nebude po virblech proveden \u00fader pali\u010dkou.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Zformujeme \u00fato\u010dnou kolonu, kdy\u017e po dvou \u00faderech pali\u010dkou n\u00e1sledovan\u00fdch virblem zahraj\u00ed <em>Assembl\u00e9e<\/em>; a \u00fastupovou kolonu, kdy\u017e po dvou \u00faderech pali\u010dkou n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed dva virbly.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Hraje-li se <em>Retraite<\/em>, batalion provede \u010delem vzad a pochoduje vp\u0159ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Breloque hrajeme, aby batalion provedl rozchod.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Bude-li velitel cht\u00edt nechat jednotku man\u00e9vrovat podle v\u00fd\u0161e ur\u010den\u00fdch bateri\u00ed, d\u00e1 svou zbran\u00ed buben\u00edk\u016fm sign\u00e1l, aby provedli virbly a \u00fadery pali\u010dkou nezbytn\u00e9 pro ur\u010den\u00ed man\u00e9vru, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 jednotka prov\u00e9st.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Tyto bubenick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly budou u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 co nejm\u00e9n\u011b to bude mo\u017en\u00e9, a budou nahrazen\u00e9 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmi prost\u0159edky. Jakmile ten, kdo vel\u00ed, vyslov\u00ed povel, ka\u017ed\u00fd <em>Aide-Major<\/em>, nebo v jeho zastoupen\u00ed <em>Sous-Aide-Major<\/em> zopakuje sv\u00e9mu nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edmu povel co nejrychleji, aby mohl b\u00fdt povel svi\u017en\u011b proveden, a\u0165 u\u017e v bitevn\u00ed sestav\u011b nebo v kolon\u011b; a v tomto posledn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jednotliv\u00e9 divize provedou pohyby diviz\u00ed p\u0159ed sebou.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Podobn\u011b pak \u0159e\u0161\u00ed problematiku velen\u00ed linii batalion\u016f p\u0159edpis z\u00a01. srpna 1791. Roli buben\u00edk\u016f zcela vynech\u00e1v\u00e1:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Obecn\u00e1 pravidla pro povely.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Budou-li m\u00edt v\u0161echny bataliony linie m\u00edt prov\u00e9st stejn\u00fd pohyb, vrchn\u00ed velitel vyd\u00e1 sob\u011b nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edmu batalionu hlavn\u00ed povely ur\u010den\u00e9 pro tento pohyb, je\u017e budou ihned zopakov\u00e1ny \u0161\u00e9fem batalionu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u0161\u00e9f batalionu v\u017edy zopakuje co nejrychleji v\u0161echny hlavn\u00ed povely, je\u017e usly\u0161\u00ed vyslovit pro p\u0159\u00edmo se sebou vpravo \u010di vlevo soused\u00edc\u00ed batalion, podle strany, z\u00a0ni\u017e povel vzejde, a pokud mu vrchn\u00ed velitel nedal \u010di neposlal jin\u00fd rozkaz.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">\u0160\u00e9fov\u00e9 batalionu zopakovali hlavn\u00ed povely, jak bylo pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159edeps\u00e1no, zavel\u00ed a nechaj\u00ed ihned n\u00e1sledn\u011b prov\u00e9st, ani\u017e by se vz\u00e1jemn\u011b p\u0159izp\u016fsobovali, p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00e9 pohyby, je\u017e maj\u00ed v\u00a0jejich batalionu p\u0159edch\u00e1zet proveden\u00ed hlavn\u00edho pohybu; \u0161\u00e9fov\u00e9 pluku a brig\u00e1dy dohl\u00e9dnou na rychl\u00e9 proveden\u00ed t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00fdch pohyb\u016f ve sv\u00e9m pluku a brig\u00e1d\u011b, a na to, aby se \u0161\u00e9fov\u00e9 v\u00a0tomto ohledu nedopustili \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 chyby.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Adjutant-majo\u0159i a adjutanti um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed za prav\u00fdm a lev\u00fdm k\u0159\u00eddlem sv\u00e9ho batalionu v\u00a0linii zopakuj\u00ed hlavn\u00ed povely, upozor\u0148ovac\u00ed i prov\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed, a to poka\u017ed\u00e9, kdy by \u0161\u00ed\u0159e \u010dela batalionu, v\u00edtr, nebo hluk paln\u00fdch zbran\u00ed mohly zabr\u00e1nit tomu, aby byly tyto povely snadno od batalionu k\u00a0batalionu zaslechnuteln\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy \u0161\u00e9f batalionu nesly\u0161el hlavn\u00ed povel, ale vid\u011bl by p\u0159\u00edmo se sebou soused\u00edc\u00ed batalion prov\u00e1d\u011bt n\u011bjak\u00fd pohyb, ihned by nechal stejn\u00fd pohyb prov\u00e9st sv\u00e9mu batalionu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Budou-li v\u00a0linii s\u00a0francouzsk\u00fdmi pluky tak\u00e9 cizineck\u00e9, \u0161\u00e9f batalionu ciz\u00ed n\u00e1rodnosti nejprve zopakuje hlavn\u00ed povely francouzsky, a n\u00e1sledn\u011b vyslov\u00ed stejn\u00e9 povely ve sv\u00e9m jazyce.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Bude-li m\u00edt linie prov\u00e9st st\u0159edov\u00fd pohyb, vrchn\u00ed velitel se p\u0159esune na bod, kter\u00fd si vybere za st\u0159ed pohybu a d\u00e1 nebo po\u0161le \u0161\u00e9fovi ka\u017ed\u00e9ho sousedn\u00edho batalionu vpravo i vlevo rozkaz vyslovit hlavn\u00ed povely s\u00a0ohledem na to, jak ka\u017ed\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st linie bude pohyb prov\u00e1d\u011bt, jak bude vysv\u011btleno n\u00ed\u017ee.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">V\u00a0kolon\u011b bude opakov\u00e1n\u00ed povel\u016f prob\u00edhat podle stejn\u00fdch z\u00e1sad.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Poka\u017ed\u00e9, kdy\u017e linii rozlo\u017e\u00edme na v\u00edce kolon, d\u016fstojn\u00edk, prvn\u00ed, nebo slu\u017eebn\u011b nejstar\u0161\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 kolony, j\u00ed bude velet a u sv\u00e9 kolony bude vykon\u00e1vat funkci vrchn\u00edho velitele.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Navazuj\u00edc\u00ed ordonance ze 4. b\u0159ezna 1831, posledn\u00ed pro p\u011bchotu vyzbrojenou k\u0159esadlov\u00fdmi pu\u0161kami, se v\u00a0tomto nijak neli\u0161\u00ed; jen roz\u0161i\u0159uje p\u016fvodn\u00edch deset p\u0159edpisov\u00fdch bateri\u00ed na patn\u00e1ct \u2013 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pohybu jednotek pomoc\u00ed bubnu (s v\u00fdjimkou tiraj\u00e9r\u016f) se nev\u011bnuje.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">V\u00a0literatu\u0159e nen\u00ed vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 setkat se s\u00a0obecn\u00fdm tvrzen\u00edm o tom, \u017ee rol\u00ed buben\u00edk\u016f bylo p\u0159ed\u00e1vat povely a dokonce rozkazy velitele jednotk\u00e1m. Vid\u00edme, \u017ee s\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou obdob\u00ed let 1753\u20131774, kdy to nebylo doporu\u010deno, ale umo\u017en\u011bno, to v\u00a0poli neplat\u00ed. Role buben\u00edk\u016f je pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed man\u00e9vru p\u011bchotu sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed, pomocn\u00e1. Pom\u00e1haj\u00ed udr\u017eovat tempo pochodu, a pomoc\u00ed virblu pom\u00e1haj\u00ed zastavit palbu. Podtrh\u00e1vaj\u00ed povel k\u00a0rozchodu, a bubnuj\u00ed op\u011btovn\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed batalionu pod praporem. Nemohou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem p\u0159isp\u011bt ke <a href=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/skola-batalionu-predpisu-z-1-srpna-1791\/\">svinut\u00ed kolony na t\u0159et\u00ed divizi s\u00a0lev\u00fdm k\u0159\u00eddlem v\u00a0\u010dele<\/a> ani ke zformov\u00e1n\u00ed kar\u00e9. Jejich role je v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 p\u0159i \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed denn\u00edho re\u017eimu v\u00a0pos\u00e1dce, le\u017een\u00ed \u010di t\u00e1bo\u0159e, za pochodu. A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b p\u0159i defil\u00e9 \u010di p\u0159ehl\u00eddk\u00e1ch, kde jsou p\u00fdchou sv\u00e9ho pluku.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/manevry-pro-rotu-tirajeru-ci-flankeru\/\">Man\u00e9vry pro rotu Tiraj\u00e9r\u016f \u010di Flank\u00e9r\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/predpis-tykajici-se-vycviku-a-manevru-pechoty-z-1-srpna-1791\/\">P\u0159edpis t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00fdcviku a man\u00e9vr\u016f p\u011bchoty z 1. srpna 1791<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Michal \u0160\u0165ov\u00ed\u010dek: <a href=\"http:\/\/napoleon-knihy.blogspot.com\/2014\/10\/bez-spojeni-neni-veleni-2-cast.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bez spojen\u00ed nen\u00ed velen\u00ed (2. \u010d\u00e1st)<\/a> na blogu Ji\u0159\u00edho Kova\u0159\u00edka Napoleon a knihy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Vojensk\u00fd pochod.<\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Krok.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>86. Vojensk\u00fd pochod se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou druh\u016f kroku; nepo\u0159adov\u00e9ho (<em>pas non cadenc\u00e9<\/em>) a po\u0159adov\u00e9ho (<em>pas cadenc\u00e9<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Nepo\u0159adov\u00fd krok je ten, j\u00edm\u017e voj\u00e1ci pochoduj\u00ed v\u00a0cestovn\u00ed kolon\u011b; je prov\u00e1d\u011bn libovoln\u011b na jednu \u010di druhou nohu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Po\u0159adov\u00fd krok je ten, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e voj\u00e1ci vykro\u010d\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u011b stejnou nohou. Nejd\u0159\u00edve byl prov\u00e1d\u011bn prusk\u00fdmi jednotkami<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>, a p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1me, \u017ee se neli\u0161\u00ed od vojensk\u00e9ho kroku \u0158\u00edman\u016f; je m\u011b\u0159en ve sv\u00e9 rychlosti a rozsahu; krok se d\u011bl\u00ed na:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0160koln\u00ed krok (<em>pas d\u2019\u00e9cole<\/em>), nyn\u00ed neu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Mal\u00fd krok (<em>petit pas<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">B\u011b\u017en\u00fd krok <em>(pas ordinaire)<\/em><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Krok vzad <em>(pas en arri\u00e8re)<\/em><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0160ikm\u00fd krok <em>(pas oblique)<\/em><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Metrick\u00fd krok <em>(pas m\u00e9trique)<\/em><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Cestovn\u00ed krok <em>(pas de route)<\/em><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Zrychlen\u00fd krok <em>(pas acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9)<\/em><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00dato\u010dn\u00fd krok <em>(pas de charge)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Podrobnosti, je\u017e lze ve v\u011bci vojensk\u00e9ho kroku probrat, nesahaj\u00ed p\u0159ed ordonance z\u00a0let 64 a 66. D\u0159\u00edve nebyl u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n, co\u017e vid\u00edme v\u00a0d\u00edlech Maurice de Saxe, kter\u00fd po\u0159adov\u00fd krok naz\u00fdv\u00e1 <em>taktem<\/em> (<em>tact<\/em>), a v\u0161em jednotk\u00e1m rad\u00ed jej po vzoru Prus\u016f zav\u00e9st.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Z\u00e1sady kroku jsou vysv\u011btleny ve v\u00fdcvikov\u00e9m p\u0159edpisu, jen\u017e mus\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd podd\u016fstojn\u00edk zn\u00e1t zpam\u011bti od postoje voj\u00e1ka beze zbran\u011b a\u017e po posledn\u00ed lekci \u0161koly pelotonu; k\u00a0vynikaj\u00edc\u00edm lekc\u00edm, je\u017e v\u00a0n\u011bm budeme \u010derpat, je t\u0159eba p\u0159idat n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed pozn\u00e1mky:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">O vojensk\u00e9m kroku s\u00a0p\u0159ihl\u00e9dnut\u00edm k\u00a0\u00faprav\u00e1m, je\u017e podstoupil.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>P\u0159edpis <\/em>\u00a0z\u00a0roku 1766.<\/p>\n<p>87. P\u0159edpis z\u00a0prvn\u00edho ledna 1766 stanovil rychlost b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho kroku na \u0161edes\u00e1t v\u00a0minut\u011b, a na p\u016fl sekundy \u010di sto dvacet v\u00a0minut\u011b rychlost kroku, kter\u00fd byl z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu nazv\u00e1n zdvojen\u00fd krok (<em>pas redoubl\u00e9<\/em>)<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Jejich d\u00e9lka byla dv\u011b stopy [<em>0,65 m<\/em>]; pokud jde o u\u017eit\u00ed zdvojen\u00e9ho kroku, je srovnateln\u00fd s na\u0161\u00edm zrychlen\u00fdm krokem; pokud jde o jeho rychlost, odpov\u00edd\u00e1 na\u0161emu \u00fato\u010dn\u00e9mu kroku.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Nov\u00e1\u010dci byli cvi\u010deni v\u00a0m\u00edr\u00e1ch b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho kroku tak, \u017ee se nechali pochodovat p\u0159ed hodinami, je\u017e kmit\u00e1n\u00edm sv\u00e9ho vte\u0159inov\u00e9ho kyvadla ur\u010dovaly tempo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Stejn\u00fd p\u0159edpis zav\u00e1d\u011bl u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed kroku o dvan\u00e1cti palc\u00edch [<em>32,5 cm<\/em>], kter\u00fd byl naz\u00fdv\u00e1m mal\u00fdm krokem; jeho rychlost byla rovn\u011b\u017e \u0161edes\u00e1t v\u00a0minut\u011b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Rychlost cestovn\u00edho kroku nebyla p\u0159esn\u011b jeden za sekundu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>P\u0159edpis <\/em>\u00a0z\u00a0roku 1776.<\/p>\n<p>88. Dopisem ministra<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> a brzy na to p\u0159edpisem z\u00a0prvn\u00edho \u010dervna 1776 m\u011bn\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fd krok svou m\u00edru a je zrychlen na sedmdes\u00e1t v\u00a0minut\u011b nam\u00edsto \u0161edes\u00e1ti, jen\u017e byl zachov\u00e1n jako \u0161koln\u00ed krok; rychlost\u00ed sto dvacet se pochodovalo krokem nazvan\u00fdm man\u00e9vrovac\u00ed (<em>pas de man\u0153vre<\/em>), kter\u00fd je, jak vidno, stejn\u00fd jako b\u00fdval\u00fd zdvojen\u00fd krok, a jako n\u00e1\u0161 sou\u010dasn\u00fd \u00fato\u010dn\u00fd krok.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Stejn\u00fdm p\u0159edpisem byla cestovn\u00edmu kroku d\u00e1na rychlost od devades\u00e1ti do sta v\u00a0minut\u011b, co\u017e se velmi bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na\u0161emu dne\u0161n\u00edmu zrychlen\u00e9mu kroku a p\u0159evy\u0161uje n\u00e1\u0161 cestovn\u00ed krok<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>P\u0159edpis <\/em>\u00a0z\u00a0roku 1791.<\/p>\n<p>89. P\u0159edpis z\u00a0prvn\u00edho srpna 1791 d\u00e1v\u00e1 tempo b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho kroku sedmdes\u00e1t \u0161est nam\u00edsto sedmdes\u00e1ti v\u00a0minut\u011b, co\u017e si vyp\u016fj\u010duje od prusk\u00fdch jednotek, je\u017e t\u00edmto tempem prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed prakticky v\u0161echny sv\u00e9 man\u00e9vry.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Stejn\u00fdm p\u0159edpisem je rychlost na\u0161eho zrychlen\u00e9ho kroku stanovena na sto v\u00a0minut\u011b, dob\u0159e spo\u010dten\u00e1 pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 hodnota.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cestovn\u00edmu kroku je d\u00e1na rychlost osmdes\u00e1ti p\u011bti a\u017e devades\u00e1ti krok\u016f v\u00a0minut\u011b<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ordonance nezn\u00e1 mal\u00fd krok.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Plat\u00ed pro organizaci p\u011bchoty podle p\u0159edpis\u016f z\u00a01. ledna 1791 a 1. dubna 1791, kdy m\u011bla rota jednoho buben\u00edka v\u00a0m\u00edrov\u00e9m a dva ve v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m stavu. Od 22. listopadu 1793 to byli tabulkov\u011b buben\u00edci dva.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u00dato\u010dnou kolonou je p\u0159edpisem m\u00edn\u011bna kolona svinut\u00e1 za st\u0159ed batalionu ve smyslu \u010dl\u00e1nku 13 p\u00e1t\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti \u0160koly batalionu. \u010casteji se jako \u00fato\u010dn\u00e9 kolony u\u017e\u00edvaly a byly tak ozna\u010dov\u00e1no man\u00e9vrovac\u00ed kolony po diviz\u00edch, a i pro n\u011b nevyhnuteln\u011b platilo, \u017ee buben\u00edci nastoupili na jejich konec.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Bardin Etienne-Alexandre. <em>Manuel d\u2019Infanterie, ou R\u00e9sum\u00e9 de tous les R\u00e8glements, D\u00e9crets, Usages, Renseignements, propres \u00e0 cette Arme. Ouvrage renfermant tout ce que doivent savoir les sous-officiers<\/em>. 1807 (dal\u0161\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed 1808, 1811, 1813).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> <em>R\u00eaveries<\/em> mar\u0161\u00e1la de Saxe, pozn\u00e1mka k\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nku 6.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Odsud vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee mezi jednotkou pochoduj\u00edc\u00ed zrychlen\u00fdm krokem p\u0159ed str\u00e1\u017e\u00ed bubnuj\u00edc\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fd krok nebyl nesoulad v\u00a0tempu; pochoduj\u00edc\u00ed voj\u00e1k ud\u011blal dva kroky, zat\u00edmco buben\u00edk postu vybubnoval jeden.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> <em>Essai g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de tactique<\/em>, kap. 3, pozn. 2.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> Nebudeme zde zmi\u0148ovat m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1m\u00fd a brzy odvolan\u00fd p\u0159edpis z\u00a0roku 1788. P\u0159izp\u016fsobilo se mu jen nemnoho pluk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Prus\u016fm se d\u00edky jejich kroku v\u00a0d\u00e9lce t\u0159iceti palc\u016f [<em>81,2 cm<\/em>] da\u0159\u00ed urazit dva tis\u00edce s\u00e1h\u016f za hodinu [<em>3,9 km\/h<\/em>], p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1me-li jednotku pochoduj\u00edc\u00ed bez nejednotnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Baterie, bubenick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly, u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 ve francouzsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b byly sjednoceny a p\u0159edeps\u00e1ny ordonanc\u00ed ze 14. kv\u011btna 1754, kdy byl tak\u00e9 p\u0159edeps\u00e1n jednotn\u00fd po\u0159adov\u00fd krok. Instrukce z roku 1754 popisuje n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: l\u2019Appel, l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e, la Charge, le Drapeau, l\u2019Enterrement, la Fascine (Breloque), la G\u00e9n\u00e9rale, la Marche (Marche du Roi de Prusse), l\u2019Ordre de Pied Ferme, le Ban, la Pri\u00e8re, la Retraite. Postupn\u011b se vyv\u00edjely, m\u011bnil se jejich v\u00fdznam a byly nahrazov\u00e1ny\/dopl\u0148ov\u00e1ny jin\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":14686,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,14],"tags":[6078,5863,5901,5907],"class_list":["post-14685","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-francouzska-armada","tag-bubenicke-signaly","tag-francouzska-armada","tag-predpis-1791","tag-vycvik-pechoty"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14685","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14685"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14685\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16452,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14685\/revisions\/16452"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14686"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14685"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14685"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14685"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}