{"id":14983,"date":"2019-04-07T08:46:07","date_gmt":"2019-04-07T06:46:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/?p=14983"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:32:47","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:32:47","slug":"krehke-pouto-s-domovem-polni-posta-v-napoleonskych-armadach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/krehke-pouto-s-domovem-polni-posta-v-napoleonskych-armadach\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u0159ehk\u00e9 pouto s domovem &#8211; poln\u00ed po\u0161ta v napoleonsk\u00fdch arm\u00e1d\u00e1ch"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify\">K\u00a0charakteristice toho, jak v\u00a0Napoleonov\u011b arm\u00e1d\u011b fungovala po\u0161ta, by posta\u010dila pouh\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edslovce jako \u201edokonale\u201c a \u201eskv\u011ble\u201c. Vynucovala si to sama v\u00e1lka s\u00a0nutnost\u00ed p\u0159enosu zpr\u00e1v, direktiv, rozkaz\u016f a mnoh\u00e9ho dal\u0161\u00ed na velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti, s\u00a0pot\u0159ebou informovat a b\u00fdt informov\u00e1n, nebo\u0165 c\u00edsa\u0159 Francouz\u016f nep\u0159est\u00e1val chod sv\u00e9ho imp\u00e9ria \u0159\u00eddit ani od Dunaje, ani z\u00a0polsk\u00e9ho bl\u00e1ta, \u010di dokonce z\u00a0dalek\u00e9 Moskvy. D\u00edky po\u0161tovn\u00ed a kur\u00fdrn\u00ed slu\u017ebu pak dost\u00e1val voj\u00e1k jedine\u010dnou mo\u017enost podat tu a tam zpr\u00e1vu sv\u00fdm bl\u00edzk\u00fdm a dostat od nich l\u00edstek s\u00a0p\u00e1r \u0159\u00e1dky. Podstatu a v\u00fdznam shrnuje snad nejl\u00e9pe dopis d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho poru\u010d\u00edka Delamonneraye, napsan\u00fd v\u00a0prosinci 1812 matce do bretonsk\u00e9ho Morlaix:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>\u201eM\u00fdm jedin\u00fdm \u0161t\u011bst\u00edm tu je to, \u017ee s\u00a0tebou mohu z\u016fstat ve spojen\u00ed, a potrv\u00e1 tak dlouho, jako bude existovat ve Francii po\u0161ta, tj. v\u017edycky!\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type='text\/css'>\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 25%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-14983 gallery-columns-4 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-1.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"116\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-1-116x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-1-116x150.jpg 116w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-1-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-1-768x993.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-1-792x1024.jpg 792w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 116px) 100vw, 116px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-2.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"102\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-2-102x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-2-102x150.jpg 102w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-2-204x300.jpg 204w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-2-768x1128.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-2-697x1024.jpg 697w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 102px) 100vw, 102px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-3.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"97\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-3-97x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-3-97x150.jpg 97w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-3-194x300.jpg 194w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-3-768x1188.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-3-662x1024.jpg 662w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-3.jpg 1894w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 97px) 100vw, 97px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-5.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"103\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-5-103x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-5-103x150.jpg 103w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-5-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-5-768x1116.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-5-705x1024.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-5.jpg 1941w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 103px) 100vw, 103px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Napoleonsk\u00e1 po\u0161ta dok\u00e1zala spolehliv\u011b doru\u010dovat nejen listy, ale i zas\u00edlan\u00e9 pen\u00edze, a t\u0159eba\u017ee mohli z\u00a0domova poslat sv\u00e9mu synovi, sourozenci, \u010di man\u017eelovi nanejv\u00fd\u0161 p\u00e1r zlat\u00fdch, v\u00a0souhrnu se jednalo o velk\u00e9 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 sumy. Proto bylo na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm ze 17. \u00fanora 1808 zak\u00e1z\u00e1no zas\u00edlat voj\u00e1k\u016fm v\u00a0poli a na ta\u017een\u00edch (od roku 1812 i v\u00a0pos\u00e1dk\u00e1ch) hotovost nad 100 frank\u016f. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed poukazovan\u00e9 sumy ulo\u017eil po\u0161tovn\u00ed pokladn\u00edk odes\u00edlac\u00ed civiln\u00ed po\u0161ty do pokladny a vystavil sm\u011bnku na pokladn\u00edka vojensk\u00e9ho \u00fatvaru adres\u00e1ta. Tu p\u0159edal odesilateli, aby ji zaslal adres\u00e1tovi pen\u011bz; pouk\u00e1zku pak proplatil p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd vojensk\u00fd pokladn\u00edk po jej\u00edm p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Probl\u00e9mem byla negramotnost voj\u00e1k\u016f, n\u011bkdy \u00fapln\u00e1 n\u011bkdy \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e1, nebo\u0165 mnoz\u00ed um\u011bli \u010d\u00edst, ale nedok\u00e1zali ps\u00e1t a p\u0159edrevolu\u010dn\u00ed statistiky \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee jen 37 % Francouz\u016f svedlo v\u00a0roce 1780 napsat svoje jm\u00e9no. Region\u00e1ln\u00ed statistiky jsou velmi rozporn\u00e9, ta z\u00a0d\u00e9partementu Ain ale \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee v\u00a0roce 1796 um\u011blo \u010d\u00edst a ps\u00e1t 40 % voj\u00e1k\u016f, gramotnost ale postupovala a m\u011bla motivaci, proto\u017ee v\u00a0\u010dasech c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed u\u017e nemohl negramotn\u00fd voj\u00e1k z\u00edskat podd\u016fstojnick\u00e9 pr\u00fdmky, nebo se dostat ke gard\u011b a \u017eandarmerii, vojensk\u00e9 policii.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-14989 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-4-300x207.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-4-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-4-150x104.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-4-768x531.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-4-1024x708.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9-kresby-z-dopisn\u00edch-pap\u00edr\u016f-4-434x300.jpg 434w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>\u201eBylo mi z\u00a0toho n\u00e1ramn\u011b smutno, \u017ee se mus\u00edm ve t\u0159iat\u0159iceti u\u010dit \u010d\u00edst a ps\u00e1t; prokl\u00ednal jsem otce, \u017ee mi nedop\u0159\u00e1l \u0161koly,\u201c<\/em> posteskl si gran\u00e1tn\u00ed Coignet a vypr\u00e1v\u011bl, jak se b\u011bhem prusk\u00e9ho ta\u017een\u00ed 1806 a jeho pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0b\u00fdval\u00e9m Polsku u\u010dil malovat p\u00edsmenka a lu\u0161tit slabik\u00e1\u0159 pro d\u011bti\u2026<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">V\u017edy se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b na\u0161el kamar\u00e1d, kter\u00fd tomu negramotn\u00e9mu p\u0159e\u010detl dopis nahlas a napsal i odpov\u011b\u010f. Mnoz\u00ed si z\u00a0toho ud\u011blali \u017eivnost, kterou si p\u0159ivyd\u011bl\u00e1vali. Jinde se pro v\u00fduku trivia z\u0159izovaly poln\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy; tak tomu bylo v\u00a0revolu\u010dn\u00edm roce XIII u 13. j\u00edzdn\u00edho mysliveck\u00e9ho, jeho\u017e plukovn\u00edk se rozhodl, \u017ee \u010d\u00edst, ps\u00e1t a po\u010d\u00edtat mus\u00ed um\u011bt z\u00a0mu\u017estva ka\u017ed\u00fd! Vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, u d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f v\u011bc samoz\u0159ejm\u00e1, nav\u00edc usnad\u0148ovalo \u017eivot a sk\u00fdtalo rozpt\u00fdlen\u00ed. Tak\u0159ka ka\u017ed\u00fd s\u00a0sebou vozil n\u011bjakou knihu, v\u00a0dobyt\u00fdch m\u011bstech objevil n\u011bco v\u00a0knihovn\u00e1ch a krom beletrie (v\u010detn\u011b pornografick\u00e9; oblib\u011b se t\u011b\u0161ila zejm\u00e9na <em>Th\u00e9r\u00e8se philosophe<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>), kde dominovali Voltaire a dal\u0161\u00ed osv\u00edcenci, to byly vojensk\u00e9 rukojeti a v\u00fdcvikov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edru\u010dky.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Dopisy voj\u00e1ci \u010dasto psali (nebo nech\u00e1vali ps\u00e1t) na pap\u00edr s\u00a0ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm obr\u00e1zkem v\u00a0z\u00e1hlav\u00ed (v\u011bt\u0161inou naivn\u00ed kresbou voj\u00e1ka); n\u011bkter\u00e9 jednotky m\u011bly tyto dopisn\u00ed pap\u00edry vlastn\u00ed. Takov\u00fdm dopis\u016fm se \u0159\u00edkalo kant\u00fdnsk\u00e9 (<em>lettres de cantini\u00e8res<\/em>), nebo\u0165 p\u0159edti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd pap\u00edr prod\u00e1valy kant\u00fdnsk\u00e9. Napsan\u00fd list se n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t p\u0159elo\u017eil, zalepil pe\u010detn\u00edm voskem a voj\u00e1k do n\u011bj nejednou m\u00edsto pe\u010det\u00edtka otiskl knofl\u00edk s\u00a0plukovn\u00edm symbolem.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Poln\u00ed po\u0161ta u <em>Grande Arm\u00e9e <\/em>byla organizov\u00e1na n\u00e1sledovn\u011b:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;text-align: justify\">-jeden po\u0161tovn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ad u hlavn\u00edho stanu (tzv. Hlavn\u00ed po\u0161tovn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ad &#8211; <em>Bureau g\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/em>, raz\u00edtkov\u00e1 zkratka <em>B<sup>au<\/sup>G<sup>al<\/sup><\/em>),<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;text-align: justify\">-jeden u c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 gardy,<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;text-align: justify\">-jeden u hlavn\u00edho d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho parku,<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;text-align: justify\">-jeden u velitelstv\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho arm\u00e1dn\u00edho sboru (rovn\u011b\u017e <em>Bureau g\u00e9n\u00e9ral = B<sup>au<\/sup>G<sup>al<\/sup><\/em>, s uveden\u00edm sboru),<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;text-align: justify\">-jeden u ka\u017ed\u00e9 divize, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b brig\u00e1dy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Pro ka\u017edou arm\u00e1du v poli (nebo\u0165 krom <em>Grande Arm\u00e9e<\/em> tu byly i dal\u0161\u00ed na jin\u00fdch v\u00e1l\u010di\u0161t\u00edch a \u00fazem\u00edch) byl jmenov\u00e1n po\u0161tovn\u00ed \u0159editel, kter\u00fd nab\u00edral pot\u0159ebn\u00fd person\u00e1l z \u0159ad civilist\u016f. U ka\u017ed\u00e9 ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed arm\u00e1dn\u00ed slo\u017eky (sboru, divize) se pak z\u0159izoval po\u0161tovn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ad, jeho\u017e zam\u011bstnanci vyzved\u00e1vali dopisy u civiln\u00edch po\u0161tovn\u00edch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f, k\u00a0n\u011bmu\u017e to m\u011bl svazek nejbl\u00ed\u017ee. Tyto \u00fa\u0159ady d\u00e1valy voj\u00e1k\u016fm adresovan\u00e9 dopisy stranou a p\u0159ed\u00e1valy je v\u0161echny po\u0161t\u011b p\u0159i hlavn\u00edm stanu arm\u00e1dy. Tam jej\u00ed z\u0159\u00edzenci po\u0161tu rozt\u0159\u00eddili na dopisy gener\u00e1l\u016fm i p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016fm \u0161t\u00e1bu, na listovn\u00ed z\u00e1silky podle jednotliv\u00fdch pluk\u016f a batalion\u016f, odkud si pro n\u011b p\u0159ij\u00ed\u017ed\u011bli a kde je pak voj\u00e1k\u016fm rozd\u00edleli k tomu ur\u010den\u00ed <em>vaguemestres<\/em>, nadvozn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ka\u017ed\u00fd arm\u00e1dn\u00ed sbor a ka\u017ed\u00e1 divize m\u011bly po\u0161tovn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ad, ozna\u010den\u00fd po\u0161tovn\u00edm \u010d\u00edslem; nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9 je 94.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Po\u0161tovn\u00e9 platil v\u00a0\u010dasech revoluce i c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou adres\u00e1t (dopis byl ozna\u010den jako PORT D\u00db, dlu\u017en\u00e1 don\u00e1\u0161ka), co\u017e byl pro mnoh\u00e9ho voj\u00e1ka bez pen\u011bz velk\u00fd probl\u00e9m a jemu nezbylo ne\u017e ps\u00e1t, aby rodina psan\u00ed ofrankovala (zaplatila; ozna\u010den\u00ed pak bylo PORT PAY\u00c9, zaplacen\u00e1 don\u00e1\u0161ka) p\u0159edem m\u00edsto n\u011bj. Vojensk\u00e9 osoby v\u00a0poli nicm\u00e9n\u011b platily jen vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed po\u0161tovn\u00e9 pro \u00fazem\u00ed Francie, porto za jej\u00edmi hranicemi m\u011bly zdarma a na v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m ta\u017een\u00ed se neplatilo v\u016fbec \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Vlastn\u00ed po\u0161tovn\u00ed slu\u017ebu organizovali sice civilist\u00e9, vojensk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st ale byla pod kontrolou vojensk\u00fdch osob, vrchn\u00edch intendant\u016f, komisa\u0159\u016f ordon\u00e1tor\u016f a v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch komisa\u0159\u016f. P\u0159eprava, tj. kur\u00fdrn\u00ed slu\u017eba z\u00e1silek, byla v\u011bc\u00ed profesion\u00e1ln\u00edch postilion\u016f a kur\u00fdr\u016f na kon\u00edch, \u010di v\u00a0po\u0161tovn\u00edch dostavn\u00edc\u00edch, doprov\u00e1zen\u00fdch v\u017edy ozbrojenou eskortou. U pluk\u016f sb\u00edrali dopisy voj\u00e1k\u016f a p\u0159iv\u00e1\u017eeli ty doru\u010den\u00e9 vozmist\u0159i <em>(vaguemestres)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Mezi dopisy byly velk\u00e9 pauzy, zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 p\u0159esuny a v\u0161\u00edm, co k\u00a0vojensk\u00e9mu \u0159emeslu pat\u0159ilo: voj\u00e1k mohl ps\u00e1t jen ob\u010das a za ta\u017een\u00ed \u010dekal i dlouho na odpov\u011b\u010f. Jednotky v\u011bd\u011bly, kam napsan\u00e9 dopisy odevzdat a kdy bude po\u0161ta odj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bt, p\u0159esto v\u00a0mnoha listech zazn\u00edvaj\u00ed omluvy, \u017ee o sob\u011b nedal doty\u010dn\u00fd dlouho (n\u011bkdy i p\u00e1r m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f) v\u011bd\u011bt. Stejn\u011b tak tu jsou obavy z\u00a0toho, \u017ee o sob\u011b rodina doma nedala dlouho v\u011bd\u011bt. Nej\u010dast\u011bji se psalo rodi\u010d\u016fm a sourozenc\u016fm, man\u017eelky figuruj\u00ed v\u00a0korespondenci mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b, nebo\u0165 \u017eenat\u00ed byli v\u011bt\u0161inou jen vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edci, jim\u017e s\u0148atek (ke kter\u00e9mu ud\u011bloval povolen\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159, \u010di ministr v\u00e1lky) zaji\u0161\u0165oval existenci skrze v\u011bno nev\u011bsty. V\u00fdm\u011bna korespondence mezi p\u0159\u00e1teli se omezovala jen na \u010d\u00e1st d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Pokud o sob\u011b voj\u00e1k ned\u00e1val dlouho v\u011bd\u011bt, neklidn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed se obraceli na starostu, nebo na prefekta s\u00a0prosbou, aby z\u00edskal zpr\u00e1vu od ministerstva v\u00e1lky, nebo z\u00a0nemocnic. Vy\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dosti se vleklo \u0159adu m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f, n\u011bkdy i roky a v\u00fdsledky se daly p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat nejist\u00e9, nebo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Z\u00a0formulac\u00ed dopis\u016f je jasn\u00e9, jak moc voj\u00e1k\u016fm z\u00e1le\u017eelo, aby o nich m\u011bli jejich bl\u00edzc\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>\u201eTou nejlep\u0161\u00ed v\u011bc\u00ed, kterou mohu ud\u011blat, je chopit se brku a d\u00e1t v\u00e1m o sob\u011b zpr\u00e1vy,\u201c <\/em>tak a podobn\u011b zn\u00ed jedna z\u00a0velmi \u010dast\u00fdch formulac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Jin\u00e9 zn\u00ed:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>\u201eL\u00e1ska, kterou k\u00a0v\u00e1m c\u00edt\u00edm, m\u011b zavazuje, abych v\u00e1m dal na v\u011bdom\u00ed, \u017ee se m\u00e1m dob\u0159e.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>\u201eMysl\u00edm, \u017ee po pozdravu na d\u016fkaz synovsk\u00e9 \u00facty, je mou hlavn\u00ed povinnost\u00ed zpravit v\u00e1s, \u017ee jsem zdr\u00e1v.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">I z\u00e1v\u011bry dopis\u016f si jsou podobn\u00e9 a mnoh\u00e9 listy tvo\u0159\u00ed sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o synovsk\u00e9 l\u00e1sce i \u00fact\u011b:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>\u201ePozdravy v\u0161em ve vsi odshora dol\u016f.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>\u201eKon\u010d\u00edm s\u00a0psan\u00edm, moje l\u00e1ska k\u00a0v\u00e1m je ale nekone\u010dn\u00e1.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>\u201ePros\u00edm, abyste nezapomn\u011bli na sv\u00e9ho syna.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>\u201eCel\u00fd \u017eivot si budu p\u0159ipom\u00ednat va\u0161e dobr\u00e9 rady a z\u00e1sady, kter\u00e9 jste mi v\u00a0d\u011btstv\u00ed v\u0161t\u00edpili.\u201c<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">Ji\u0159\u00ed Kova\u0159\u00edk<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u010cesky vyd\u00e1no 2009 jako <em>Filosofka Tereza aneb Vzpom\u00ednky na p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh otce Dirraga a sle\u010dny \u00c9radice<\/em>; autorem je Jean-Baptiste de Boyer d\u2019Argens. Elz\u00e9ar Blaze vzpom\u00ednal, jak se toto d\u00edlko \u010detlo pod lavicemi ve Vojensk\u00e9 \u0161kole.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Viz Fairon, \u00c9mile-Heuse, Henri: Lettres des grognards. Li\u00e8ge 1936. Z\u00a0t\u00e9to antologie vojensk\u00e9 korespondence napoleonsk\u00fdch dob jsou i obrazov\u00e9 uk\u00e1zky.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> K\u00a0organizaci poln\u00ed po\u0161ty viz nap\u0159. Pigeard, Alain: Arm\u00e9e de Napol\u00e9on. Paris 2000.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Podrobn\u011bji analyzovali strukturu, styl a ur\u010dit\u00e9 druhy vojensk\u00fdch dopis\u016f i po\u0161tovn\u00ed slu\u017ebu u arm\u00e1dy Fairon a Heuse v u\u017e citovan\u00fdch <em>Lettres des grognards<\/em>. Dal\u0161\u00edmi (a jedin\u00fdmi) antologiemi dopis\u016f napoleonsk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f jsou ve francouz\u0161tin\u011b Paroles de grognards 1792\u20131815. Lettres in\u00e9dits de la Grande Arm\u00e9e recueillies par J\u00e9r\u00f4me Croyet (Gaussen, Marseille 2016) a v\u00a0angli\u010dtin\u011b Wilkin, Bernard: Fighting for Napoleon: French Soldiers\u2019 Letters 1799\u20131815 (Pen and Sword Military 2016).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>K charakteristice toho, jak v Napoleonov\u011b arm\u00e1d\u011b fungovala po\u0161ta, by posta\u010dila pouh\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edslovce jako \u201edokonale\u201c a \u201eskv\u011ble\u201c. Vynucovala si to sama v\u00e1lka s nutnost\u00ed p\u0159enosu zpr\u00e1v, direktiv, rozkaz\u016f a mnoh\u00e9ho dal\u0161\u00ed na velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti, s pot\u0159ebou informovat a b\u00fdt informov\u00e1n, nebo\u0165 c\u00edsa\u0159 Francouz\u016f nep\u0159est\u00e1val chod sv\u00e9ho imp\u00e9ria \u0159\u00eddit ani od Dunaje, ani z polsk\u00e9ho bl\u00e1ta, \u010di dokonce z dalek\u00e9 Moskvy. D\u00edky po\u0161tovn\u00ed a kur\u00fdrn\u00ed slu\u017ebu pak dost\u00e1val voj\u00e1k jedine\u010dnou mo\u017enost podat tu a tam zpr\u00e1vu sv\u00fdm bl\u00edzk\u00fdm a dostat od nich l\u00edstek s p\u00e1r \u0159\u00e1dky.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":14985,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,14],"tags":[6116,6115,5899,6114],"class_list":["post-14983","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-francouzska-armada","tag-napoleonika-org","tag-napoleonova-velka-armada","tag-napoleonske-valky","tag-polni-posta"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14983","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14983"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14983\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14991,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14983\/revisions\/14991"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14985"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14983"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14983"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14983"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}