{"id":15520,"date":"2019-08-22T20:11:48","date_gmt":"2019-08-22T18:11:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/?p=15520"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:32:46","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:32:46","slug":"o-pocatku-vzniku-prvotni-pece-o-zraneneho-vojaka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/o-pocatku-vzniku-prvotni-pece-o-zraneneho-vojaka\/","title":{"rendered":"O po\u010d\u00e1tku vzniku prvotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de o zran\u011bn\u00e9ho voj\u00e1ka a jeho odsunu z boji\u0161t\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Jak to bylo s odsuny zran\u011bn\u00fdch p\u0159ed dobou slavn\u00fdch l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edch ambulanc\u00ed Dominiqua Larreye a &#8222;w\u00fcrstwagen\u016f&#8220; Pierra Percyho? V po\u010d\u00e1tku vzniku prvotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de o zran\u011bn\u00e9ho voj\u00e1ka a jeho odsunu z boji\u0161t\u011b? Vysv\u011btluj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dky.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">V p\u0159edrevolu\u010dn\u00ed dob\u011b byla tato problematika \u0159e\u0161ena reform\u00e1torem francouzsk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 medic\u00edny Jeanem Colombierem (1736-1789). Ve sv\u00e9m <em>Code de m\u00e9dicine militaire<\/em> popisuje, \u017ee k odsunu ran\u011bn\u00fdch se maj\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvat voskov\u00fdm pl\u00e1tnem kryt\u00e9 vozy vystlan\u00e9 sl\u00e1mou nebo z\u00e1v\u011bsn\u00fdmi postelemi pro \u010dty\u0159i voj\u00e1ky. N\u00e1kres, podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed popis a zp\u016fsob z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto voz\u016f v\u0161ak chyb\u00ed. Naopak je velmi p\u0159esn\u011b \u0159e\u0161ena administrativa p\u0159\u00edjmu zran\u011bn\u00e9ho, jeho propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a evidence.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type='text\/css'>\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 20%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-15520 gallery-columns-5 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/01-3.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"111\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/01-3-111x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/01-3-111x150.jpg 111w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/01-3-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/01-3.jpg 712w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 111px) 100vw, 111px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/02-1.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"121\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/02-1-121x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/02-1-121x150.jpg 121w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/02-1-242x300.jpg 242w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/02-1-768x954.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/02-1.jpg 773w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 121px) 100vw, 121px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/03-1.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/03-1-150x77.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/03-1-150x77.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/03-1-300x154.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/03-1-768x395.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/03-1-1024x526.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/03-1-500x257.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/03-1.jpg 1168w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/04.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"124\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/04-124x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/04-124x150.jpg 124w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/04-248x300.jpg 248w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/04-768x927.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/04.jpg 795w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 124px) 100vw, 124px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/05.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"99\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/05-150x99.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/05-150x99.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/05-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/05-768x507.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/05-1024x676.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/05-455x300.jpg 455w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/05.jpg 1812w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Revolu\u010dn\u00ed d\u011bn\u00ed ve Franci\u00ed nejen \u017ee odsunulo tuto problematiku logistick\u00e9ho zabezpe\u010den\u00ed arm\u00e1dy do \u00fastran\u00ed, zap\u0159\u00ed\u010dinilo p\u0159i v\u0161eobecn\u00e9m nedostatku t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161eho i nedostatek jak kvalifikovan\u00e9ho, tak pomocn\u00e9ho l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9ho person\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 je Vyhl\u00e1\u0161ka z 16. listopadu 1792, kter\u00e1 uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee N\u00e1rodn\u00ed pokladna uvoln\u00ed ministru v\u00e1lky 300 000 liber na po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed kryt\u00fdch voz\u016f, postaven\u00fdch pro p\u0159epravu nemocn\u00fdch a zran\u011bn\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b tohoto byla vyhl\u00e1\u0161ena sout\u011b\u017e o 200 000 liber na konstrukci t\u011bchto ambulan\u010dn\u00edch voz\u016f. V\u00edt\u011bze m\u011bla ur\u010dit komise slo\u017eena z l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f a chirurg\u016f a nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch odborn\u00edk\u016f na mechaniku. Tato komise obdr\u017eela a prozkoumala jeden\u00e1ct model\u016f a \u010dty\u0159i pl\u00e1ny, av\u0161ak \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd n\u00e1vrh nesplnil o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 zad\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Za\u010d\u00e1tkem roku 1793 byla vyhl\u00e1\u0161ena nov\u00e1 sout\u011b\u017e. Mezi t\u00edm byl vl\u00e1dou schv\u00e1len\u00fd po\u017eadavek ministra v\u00e1lky na v\u00fdrobu pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch ambulan\u010dn\u00edch a transportn\u00edch voz\u016f, a jejich dopln\u011bn\u00ed na po\u010det pot\u0159ebn\u00fd pro zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se arm\u00e1du. Aby se proces v\u00fdroby a dopln\u011bn\u00ed urychlil, byla navr\u017eena v\u00fdroba experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch voz\u016f podle pl\u00e1n\u016f z ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017ee.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Dal\u0161\u00ed Vyhl\u00e1\u0161ka t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se zdravotnictv\u00ed arm\u00e1d a vojensk\u00fdch nemocnic ze dne 3. Vent\u00f4se II (21. \u00fanora 1794) op\u011bt jen up\u0159es\u0148uje, \u017ee pokud nebude mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvat vozy ur\u010den\u00e9 k p\u0159eprav\u011b nemocn\u00fdch, budou tyto vozy na \u017e\u00e1dost v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho komisa\u0159e rekvirov\u00e1ny. Mus\u00ed b\u00fdt lehk\u00e9 a pohodln\u00e9, dob\u0159e vybaven\u00e9 sl\u00e1mou a kryty pl\u00e1tnem. T\u00edmto bude zabr\u00e1n\u011bno pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed voz\u016f a beden ur\u010den\u00fdch k p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed munice a potravin.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">S velk\u00fdmi n\u00e1klady vyroben\u00e1 experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed vozidla ta\u017een\u00e1 osmi koni byla podle doktora Mon\u00e9ryho neskute\u010dn\u00e1 monstra, kter\u00e1 byla schopna poskytovat po\u017eadovan\u00e9 p\u00e9\u010di jen na silnic\u00edch kolem Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Vzhledem k absenci jak\u00fdchkoliv administrativn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed, person\u00e1lu a vybaven\u00ed, je mo\u017en\u00e9 se domn\u00edvat, \u017ee odsun zran\u011bn\u00fdch z boji\u0161t\u011b v pr\u016fb\u011bhu boje byl skute\u010dn\u011b chaotick\u00fd. Jak to ve skute\u010dnosti prob\u00edhalo, popisuj\u00ed kus\u00e9 vzpom\u00ednky v p\u0159\u00edb\u011bz\u00edch sepsan\u00fdch v r\u016fzn\u00fdch memo\u00e1rech. A. Chuquet popisuje \u017ealostnou situaci ran\u011bn\u00fdch v pr\u016fb\u011bhu obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed Valenciennes (14. \u010dervna &#8211; 30. \u010dervence 1793), kdy se zran\u011bn\u00ed modlili a prosili spolubojovn\u00edky, aby je usmrtili.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">D\u00e1le popisuje, jak p\u0159i bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bsta vyd\u011b\u0161en\u00ed nosi\u010di ran\u011bn\u00fdch zanechali v nos\u00edtk\u00e1ch zran\u011bn\u00e9 gran\u00e1tn\u00edky p\u0159\u00edmo na n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed. Lze se v\u0161ak jen domn\u00edvat, kdo byli tito nosi\u010di zran\u011bn\u00fdch. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b to byli civilist\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed v nebezpe\u010d\u00ed rad\u0161i zachra\u0148ovali sv\u00e9 \u017eivoty ne\u017e voj\u00e1k\u016f. T\u00edm je mo\u017en\u00e9 vysv\u011btlit i jejich zbab\u011bl\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Podobn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti se vyskytuj\u00ed b\u011bhem obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed Landrecies (17. &#8211; 30. dubna 1794). Na p\u0159\u00edkaz komisa\u0159e byli \u017eeny um\u00edst\u011bny za \u0159adami voj\u00e1k\u016f s nos\u00edtky, \u017eidlemi a matracemi, aby odn\u00e1\u0161eli zran\u011bn\u00e9 a dopravovali je do nemocnice.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Jak vypadal p\u0159esun vozy na del\u0161\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost, popisuje vl\u00e1dn\u00ed agent Gadoll\u00e9: \u201ePrapory m\u011bly s sebou 20 a\u017e 22 voz\u016f, tato vozidla byla tak pln\u00e1 \u017een a d\u011bt\u00ed, \u017ee nez\u016fstal \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd prostor pro zran\u011bn\u00e9 a posti\u017een\u00e9.\u201c<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u011bchto sv\u011bdectv\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159ijmout, \u017ee zanech\u00e1n\u00ed zran\u011bn\u00fdch a zmrza\u010den\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f na boji\u0161ti se stalo pravidlem. V\u00fdjimkou byl gener\u00e1l Adam-Philippe de Custine, zvan\u00fd gener\u00e1l kn\u00edr, kter\u00fd na\u0159\u00eddil, aby jednotky za sebou nezanech\u00e1valy \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 voj\u00e1ky a ani kon\u011b, a tak\u00e9 aby se vybavily vozy pro transport ran\u011bn\u00fdch. Toto v\u0161ak bylo p\u0159\u00edmo v rozporu s na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm ministra v\u00e1lky Jeana-Baptista Bouchotta, a po jeho odvol\u00e1n\u00ed mu to zna\u010dn\u011b p\u0159it\u00ed\u017eilo v soudn\u00edm procesu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Uveden\u00e9 ukazuje slo\u017eitost procesu vzniku funk\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu odsunu zran\u011bn\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f v po\u010d\u00e1tku francouzsk\u00e9 republiky.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">Jaroslav Jan\u00fa\u0161ek, Les Marines Brno<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">(s pou\u017eit\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku Alaina Ger\u00e1rda v Revue Nord 1993)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jak to bylo s odsuny zran\u011bn\u00fdch p\u0159ed dobou slavn\u00fdch l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edch ambulanc\u00ed Dominiqua Larreye a &#8222;w\u00fcrstwagen\u016f&#8220; Pierra Percyho? V po\u010d\u00e1tku vzniku prvotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de o zran\u011bn\u00e9ho voj\u00e1ka a jeho odsunu z boji\u0161t\u011b? Vysv\u011btluj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dky.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":15522,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,1,14],"tags":[6177,6180,6179,6176,6178,6119],"class_list":["post-15520","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-aktuality","category-francouzska-armada","tag-dominique-larrey","tag-general-custine","tag-jean-colombier","tag-letajici-ambulance","tag-pierre-percy","tag-zdravotni-sluzba"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15520","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15520"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15520\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15528,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15520\/revisions\/15528"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15522"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15520"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15520"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15520"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}