{"id":15601,"date":"2019-10-29T11:26:24","date_gmt":"2019-10-29T09:26:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/?p=15601"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:32:46","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:32:46","slug":"delostrelectvo-napoleonskych-valek-o-francouzskych-polnich-houfnicich","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/delostrelectvo-napoleonskych-valek-o-francouzskych-polnich-houfnicich\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u011blost\u0159electvo napoleonsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek &#8211; o (francouzsk\u00fdch) poln\u00edch houfnic\u00edch"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Podle Bardinova <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.cz\/books?id=1hZEAAAAYAAJ\">Slovn\u00edku pozemn\u00edho vojska<\/a> je houfnice (obusier) &#8222;horizon\u00e1tln\u00edm mo\u017ed\u00ed\u0159em, na kolech, nebo kr\u00e1tk\u00fd kan\u00f3n, s komorou stejn\u00e9ho tvaru jako m\u00e1 mo\u017ed\u00ed\u0159; jej\u00ed konstrukce nedovoluje vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed prachovou n\u00e1lo\u017e ne\u017e desetinu hmotnosti projektilu, \u010deho\u017e \u00fa\u010delem je p\u00e1lit s odskoky s nevelk\u00fdm n\u00e1m\u011brem. Tento v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd prost\u0159edek je nezbytn\u00fdm pro p\u011bchotu, jde-li o \u00fatok proti redut\u00e1m nebo jin\u00fdm poln\u00edm opevn\u011bn\u00edm, vesnic\u00edm, odd\u00edlu jezdectva; podle pot\u0159eby vyst\u0159eluje z\u00e1paln\u00e9 koule, kart\u00e1\u010de hrub\u00e9 i lehk\u00e9, nebo gran\u00e1ty (obus).&#8220;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Gener\u00e1l Gassendi, gener\u00e1ln\u00ed inspektor d\u011blost\u0159electva (jmenovan\u00fd 14. b\u0159ezna 1805) ve sv\u00e9m <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.cz\/books?id=6KUUAAAAQAAJ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aide-m\u00e9moire \u00e0 l&#8217;usage des officiers d&#8217;artillerie<\/a>, o francouzsk\u00fdch houfnic\u00edch p\u00ed\u0161e (svazek 1, s.119-120):<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">&#8222;6- a 8palcov\u00e9 houfnice. Tyto dv\u011b byly nahrazov\u00e1ny houfnic\u00ed r\u00e1\u017ee 5 palc\u016f a 7 \u010d\u00e1rek, neboli 24liben\u00edmi (jde o syst\u00e9m roku 11, pozn. p\u0159ekl.). Pokud jde o poln\u00ed houfnici, je p\u0159ijato, \u017ee houfnice r\u00e1\u017ee 5 palc\u016f a 7 \u010d\u00e1rek je lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 6palcov\u00e1; ale d\u016fvody, pro kter\u00e9 tomu tak je, nejsou uv\u00e1d\u011bny p\u0159esn\u011b. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee je leh\u010d\u00ed, ale v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed stejn\u011b jako star\u0161\u00ed typ. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee m\u00e1 del\u0161\u00ed dost\u0159el, co\u017e je nemnoho u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9, proto\u017ee 6palcov\u00e1 houfnice nese d\u00e1le ne\u017e na 1200 s\u00e1h\u016f (2400 m), a palbou na takovou vzd\u00e1lenost jen pl\u00fdtv\u00e1me munic\u00ed. (&#8230;)&#8220;<\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type='text\/css'>\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 33%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-15601 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art15rc.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"110\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art15rc-110x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art15rc-110x150.jpg 110w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art15rc-220x300.jpg 220w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art15rc-768x1049.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art15rc-750x1024.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art15rc.jpg 1328w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 110px) 100vw, 110px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art44zi.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"113\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art44zi-113x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art44zi-113x150.jpg 113w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art44zi-227x300.jpg 227w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art44zi-768x1015.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art44zi-775x1024.jpg 775w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art44zi.jpg 1343w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 113px) 100vw, 113px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art65rx.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"112\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art65rx-112x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art65rx-112x150.jpg 112w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art65rx-224x300.jpg 224w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art65rx-768x1026.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art65rx-766x1024.jpg 766w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art65rx.jpg 1352w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 112px) 100vw, 112px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">V <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.cz\/books?id=K0pbAAAAcAAJ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Memoires d&#8217;artillerie, contenant l&#8217;artillerie nouvelle, ou les changemens faits dans l&#8217;artillerie francoise en 1765&#8230;<\/a> z roku 1795 \u010dteme (s. 65): &#8222;Houfnice je mnohem krat\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kan\u00f3n, a mus\u00ed tedy nezbytn\u011b m\u00edt p\u0159i stejn\u00e9m n\u00e1m\u011bru men\u0161\u00ed dost\u0159el; je tedy t\u0159eba n\u00e1m\u011br v\u00fdrazn\u011b nav\u00fd\u0161it, \u010d\u00edm\u017e m\u00e1 ov\u0161em v\u00fdst\u0159el p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 strm\u00fd dopad a je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nejist\u00fd (&#8230;)&#8220;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">D\u00e1le je zm\u00edn\u011bn probl\u00e9m palby kart\u00e1\u010dem na kr\u00e1tkou vzd\u00e1lenost. Tam, kde 4libern\u00ed kan\u00f3n zasahuje na 150 s\u00e1h\u016f (450 krok\u016f, 293 m), houfnice jen na 80 (240 krok\u016f, 156 m), a tedy tam, kde proti postupuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u011bchot\u011b vyp\u00e1l\u00ed 4libern\u00ed kan\u00f3n teoreticky \u0161estn\u00e1ct ran, houfnice jen osm. A tedy \u017ee houfnice lze \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b pou\u017e\u00edt jen tam, kde je t\u0159eba p\u016fsobit proti nep\u0159\u00edteli skryt\u00e9mu za opevn\u011bn\u00edm nebo v\u00fd\u0161inou, kde kan\u00f3n zasahovat nem\u016f\u017ee, a k zapalov\u00e1n\u00ed dom\u016f, v nich\u017e se ukr\u00fdv\u00e1 (co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee i kan\u00f3n z\u00e1paln\u00fdmi koulemi). P\u0159i\u010dem\u017e pro takov\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely je vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed houfnice v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch r\u00e1\u017e\u00ed, pro\u010de\u017e obl\u00e9hac\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159electvo disponuje 8palcov\u00fdmi, zat\u00edmco poln\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159electvo 6palcov\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_15608\" style=\"width: 594px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/P3210035.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15608\" class=\"wp-image-15608 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/P3210035-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"584\" height=\"438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/P3210035-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/P3210035-150x113.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/P3210035-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/P3210035-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/P3210035-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/P3210035.jpg 1408w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-15608\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">6palcov\u00e1 houfnice syst\u00e9mu Gribeauval, Mus\u00e9e de l&#8217;Arm\u00e9e<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.cz\/books?id=nWdAAAAAcAAJ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tables des principales dimensions et poids des bouches \u00e0 feu de campagne (etc.)<\/a> z roku 1828 uv\u00e1d\u00ed pro poln\u00ed kan\u00f3ny p\u0159i nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1m\u011bru 20 \u010d\u00e1rek (12libern\u00ed), 21 \u010d\u00e1rek (8libern\u00ed), 22 \u010d\u00e1rek (6libern\u00ed) a 24 \u010d\u00e1rek (4libern\u00ed) \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd dost\u0159el 1328 krok\u016f (863 m), a pro 6palcovou houfnici p\u0159i palb\u011b gran\u00e1tem p\u0159i n\u00e1m\u011bru 12 \u010d\u00e1rek 265 krok\u016f (172 m) a p\u0159i 46 \u010d\u00e1rk\u00e1ch n\u00e1m\u011bru 796 krok\u016f (517 m). Gran\u00e1t \u0161estipalcov\u00e9 houfnice v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed 22-24 liber (10,7-11,7 kg), gran\u00e1t 24libern\u00ed houfnice (tedy r\u00e1\u017ee 5 palc\u016f a 7 \u010d\u00e1rek) v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed 13-14 liber (6,4-6,9 kg). A pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b polovi\u010dn\u00ed hmotnost munice t\u011bchto houfnic oproti 6palcov\u00fdm zmi\u0148uje Gassendi jako hlavn\u00ed a v podstat\u011b jedinou v\u00fdhodu nov\u00e9ho typu nad star\u00fdm. Dodejme pro po\u0159\u00e1dek, \u017ee ozna\u010den\u00ed &#8222;24libern\u00ed&#8220; se vztahuje na hmotnost pln\u00e9 koule, vyst\u0159elovan\u00e9 houfnic\u00ed jen v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b, resp. v praxi nikdy. Dodejme tak\u00e9, \u017ee zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch 1328 krok\u016f pro francouzsk\u00e9 poln\u00ed kan\u00f3ny je ur\u010den\u00e1 hranice \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho dost\u0159elu; d\u011bla jsou samoz\u0159ejm\u011b schopn\u00e1 v\u00e9st palbu i na v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost, ale to je ji\u017e pova\u017eov\u00e1no za ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 a pl\u00fdtv\u00e1n\u00ed munic\u00ed.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_15610\" style=\"width: 594px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/obusier5-7.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15610\" class=\"wp-image-15610\" src=\"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/obusier5-7.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"584\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/obusier5-7.jpg 888w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/obusier5-7-150x102.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/obusier5-7-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/obusier5-7-768x522.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/obusier5-7-442x300.jpg 442w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-15610\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Houfnice r\u00e1\u017ee 5 palc\u016f 7 \u010d\u00e1rek (24 liber), syst\u00e9m roku 11<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Shrneme-li to: houfnice maj\u00ed citeln\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed dost\u0159el ne\u017e kan\u00f3ny, a horn\u00ed skupinou \u00fahl\u016f st\u0159\u00edlej\u00ed jen ve specifick\u00e9 situaci a proti specifick\u00fdm c\u00edl\u016fm, proto\u017ee takto veden\u00e1 palba je jednak nep\u0159esn\u00e1, jednak p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 strm\u00fd dopad gran\u00e1tu m\u016f\u017ee sp\u00ed\u0161e v\u00e9st k jeho selh\u00e1n\u00ed. Houfnice nasazen\u00e9 v sestav\u011b poln\u00edho d\u011blost\u0159electva proti jednotk\u00e1m nep\u0159\u00edtele v otev\u0159en\u00e9m poli p\u00e1l\u00ed s mal\u00fdmi n\u00e1m\u011bry, riko\u0161etovou, odskokovou palbou, a ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s kan\u00f3ny jsou relativn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b vhodn\u00e9, kv\u016fli men\u0161\u00edmu dost\u0159elu, pro palbu kart\u00e1\u010di proti p\u0159ibli\u017euj\u00edc\u00edmu se nep\u0159\u00edteli.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Specifick\u00e9 jsou houfnice s dlouhou, resp. del\u0161\u00ed hlavn\u00ed, jako rusk\u00e9 jednoro\u017ece. T\u0159\u00edlibern\u00ed jednoro\u017ece pos\u00edlaj\u00ed gran\u00e1ty a\u017e na 2139 krok\u016f (1390 m), a p\u0159esn\u011bji ne\u017e houfnice s kr\u00e1tkou hlavn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.securitymagazin.cz\/historie\/napoleonovo-delostrelectvo-1404059792.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napoleonovo d\u011blost\u0159electvo &#8211; obl\u00edben\u00e1 zbra\u0148 francouzsk\u00e9ho vojev\u016fdce<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/predpis-tykajici-se-sluzby-delostreleckeho-sboru-v-tazeni\/\">P\u0159edpis t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se slu\u017eby d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho sboru v ta\u017een\u00ed<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/instrukce-o-obsluze-bitevniho-kanonu\/\">Instrukce o obsluze bitevn\u00edho kan\u00f3nu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/delostrelectvo-napoleonskych-valek-o-francouzskych-polnich-delech-a-munici\/\">D\u011blost\u0159electvo napoleonsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek \u2013 o (francouzsk\u00fdch) poln\u00edch d\u011blech a munici<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Podle Bardinova Slovn\u00edku pozemn\u00edho vojska je houfnice (obusier) &#8222;horizon\u00e1tln\u00edm mo\u017ed\u00ed\u0159em, na kolech, nebo kr\u00e1tk\u00fd kan\u00f3n, s komorou stejn\u00e9ho tvaru jako m\u00e1 mo\u017ed\u00ed\u0159; jej\u00ed konstrukce nedovoluje vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed prachovou n\u00e1lo\u017e ne\u017e desetinu hmotnosti projektilu, \u010deho\u017e \u00fa\u010delem je p\u00e1lit s odskoky s nevelk\u00fdm n\u00e1m\u011brem. Tento v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd prost\u0159edek je nezbytn\u00fdm pro p\u011bchotu, jde-li o \u00fatok proti redut\u00e1m nebo jin\u00fdm poln\u00edm opevn\u011bn\u00edm, vesnic\u00edm, odd\u00edlu jezdectva; podle pot\u0159eby vyst\u0159eluje z\u00e1paln\u00e9 koule, kart\u00e1\u010de hrub\u00e9 i lehk\u00e9, nebo gran\u00e1ty (obus).&#8220;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":15602,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,14],"tags":[6188,6036,6187,6186],"class_list":["post-15601","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-francouzska-armada","tag-dostrel-houfnic","tag-francouzske-delostrelectvo","tag-gassendi","tag-houfnice"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15601","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15601"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15601\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16938,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15601\/revisions\/16938"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15602"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15601"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15601"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15601"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}