{"id":15617,"date":"2019-11-07T15:18:07","date_gmt":"2019-11-07T13:18:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/?p=15617"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:32:46","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:32:46","slug":"delostrelectvo-napoleonskych-valek-o-francouzskych-polnich-delech-a-munici","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/delostrelectvo-napoleonskych-valek-o-francouzskych-polnich-delech-a-munici\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u011blost\u0159electvo napoleonsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek &#8211; o (francouzsk\u00fdch) poln\u00edch d\u011blech a munici"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify\">V\u00edte, \u017ee (poln\u00ed) d\u011blost\u0159electvo nepou\u017e\u00edvalo troj\u00ed druh munice: koule, gran\u00e1ty a kart\u00e1\u010de, ale \u017ee poln\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159electvo st\u0159\u00edlelo v dob\u011b bitvy u Slavkova \u0161esti druhy projektil\u016f, francouzsk\u00e9 d\u011blost\u0159electvo p\u011bti. A \u017ee jin\u00e9 projektily vyst\u0159eluj\u00ed kan\u00f3ny, jin\u00e9 houfnice? A v\u00edte, \u017ee se gran\u00e1ty nest\u0159\u00edlelo proti &#8222;rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fdm jednotk\u00e1m&#8220;?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Poln\u00ed kan\u00f3ny (ve Francii r\u00e1\u017e\u00ed 12, 8 a 4 libry syst\u00e9mu Gribeauval + zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fd 6libern\u00ed kan\u00f3n syst\u00e9mu roku 11) st\u0159\u00edlely pln\u00fdmi koulemi (cartouche \u00e0 boulets), kart\u00e1\u010di s velk\u00fdmi kulemi (cartouche \u00e0 grosse balles), kart\u00e1\u010di s mal\u00fdmi kulemi (cartouche \u00e0 petites balles), a tak\u00e9 z\u00e1paln\u00fdmi koulemi (boulet rouge), tj. roz\u017ehaven\u00fdmi pln\u00fdmi koulemi.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type='text\/css'>\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 50%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-15617 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art53dt-1.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"111\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art53dt-1-111x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art53dt-1-111x150.jpg 111w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art53dt-1-222x300.jpg 222w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art53dt-1-768x1036.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art53dt-1-759x1024.jpg 759w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art53dt-1.jpg 1333w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 111px) 100vw, 111px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art15rc.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"110\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art15rc-110x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art15rc-110x150.jpg 110w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art15rc-220x300.jpg 220w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art15rc-768x1049.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art15rc-750x1024.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/art15rc.jpg 1328w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 110px) 100vw, 110px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Pro nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed 12libern\u00ed kan\u00f3n vezly t\u0159i muni\u010dn\u00ed povozy ka\u017ed\u00fd 48 n\u00e1boj\u016f s koul\u00ed, 12 kart\u00e1\u010d\u016f s velk\u00fdmi kulemi, 8 kart\u00e1\u010d\u016f s mal\u00fdmi kulemi, a v muni\u010dn\u00ed bedn\u011b na kolesn\u011b bylo 9 n\u00e1boj\u016f s koulemi, celkem tedy 213 ran. Pro 8libern\u00ed kan\u00f3n to byly dva povozy, ka\u017ed\u00fd se 62 n\u00e1boji s koulemi, 10 kart\u00e1\u010di s velk\u00fdmi a 20 kart\u00e1\u010di s mal\u00fdmi kulemi, a v bedn\u011b pak 9 n\u00e1boj\u016f s koulemi, celkem 193 ran. Ke 4libern\u00edmu kan\u00f3nu n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed jeden povoz se 100 n\u00e1boji s koulemi, 26 kart\u00e1\u010di s velk\u00fdmi a 24 kart\u00e1\u010di s mal\u00fdmi kulemi, v bedn\u011b je 18 n\u00e1boj\u016f s koulemi, celkem tedy z\u00e1soba 168 ran.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">N\u00e1boj s koul\u00ed pro 12libern\u00ed kan\u00f3n obsahoval 4 libry prachu (cca 2 kg), 2,5 libry (cca 1,25 kg) pro 8libern\u00ed, a 1,5 libry (cca 0,75 kg) pro 4libern\u00ed kan\u00f3n. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed dost\u0159el p\u0159i 6\u00b0 n\u00e1m\u011bru \u010dinil u 12libern\u00edho kan\u00f3nu cca 1800 m, 8libern\u00edho cca 1625 m, 4libern\u00edho cca 1500 m; hranice \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho dost\u0159elu byla stanovena pro v\u0161echny kan\u00f3ny na 1328 krok\u016f (cca 860 m).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">6palcov\u00e1 houfnice st\u0159\u00edlela gran\u00e1ty (obus) nebo kart\u00e1\u010di s velk\u00fdmi kulemi, n\u00e1le\u017eely k n\u00ed t\u0159i povozy, ka\u017ed\u00fd se 49 gran\u00e1ty a 3 kart\u00e1\u010di co\u017e se \u010dty\u0159mi kart\u00e1\u010di v muni\u010dn\u00ed bedn\u011b \u010dinilo z\u00e1sobu 160 ran. Hmotnost gran\u00e1tu byla 22-24 liber (cca 11-12 kg; z toho 3\/4 a 1 libra prachu, 367-489 g) a pr\u016fm\u011br 162 mm, a vyst\u0159elovala ho prachov\u00e1 n\u00e1lo\u017e o hmotnosti cca 2,4 kg na vzd\u00e1lenost a\u017e cca 520 m. St\u0159epiny byly \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 v okruhu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 20 m. V\u00fdhodou nov\u00e9 houfnice r\u00e1\u017ee 5 palc\u016f a 7 \u010d\u00e1rek (24 liber) syst\u00e9mu roku 11 byla cca polovi\u010dn\u00ed hmotnost gran\u00e1tu (prachov\u00e1 n\u00e1lo\u017e 305-520 g), a tedy vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1soba munice a snaz\u0161\u00ed manipulace s n\u00ed. &#8222;A v\u00edte, \u017ee&#8220; se gran\u00e1ty nest\u0159\u00edlelo proti &#8222;rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fdm jednotk\u00e1m&#8220;? Nikdo toti\u017e nebude pl\u00fdtvat cennou d\u011blost\u0159eleckou munic\u00ed, aby (mo\u017en\u00e1 a p\u0159i maxim\u00e1ln\u00edm a velmi nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9m \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed) vy\u0159adil z akce \u0161est tiraj\u00e9r\u016f (kte\u0159\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9 postaven\u00ed neohro\u017euj\u00ed, proto\u017ee pokud by byli na dost\u0159el sv\u00fdch zbran\u00ed, dostalo by se jim pozornosti kart\u00e1\u010dovou palbou).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Kart\u00e1\u010de obsahovaly bu\u010f 41 velk\u00fdch kul\u00ed u v\u0161ech r\u00e1\u017e\u00ed kan\u00f3n\u016f (pr\u016fm\u011br 38, 29 a 26 mm), nebo 112 mal\u00fdch kul\u00ed u kan\u00f3n\u016f r\u00e1\u017ee 12 a 8 liber a 61 mal\u00fdch kul\u00ed u kan\u00f3n\u016f r\u00e1\u017ee 4 libry (pr\u016fm\u011br 25-27 u 12libern\u00edch kan\u00f3n\u016f a 22-23 u ostatn\u00edch) a 61 velk\u00fdch kul\u00ed (pr\u016fm\u011br 38 mm) u 6libern\u00edch houfnic, s prachovou n\u00e1lo\u017e\u00ed 4, 2 a 1 libra pro jednotliv\u00e9 r\u00e1\u017ee, a hmotnosti kart\u00e1\u010de 20 liber (10 kg) u 12-, 14 liber (7 kg) u 8- a 7 liber (3,5 kg) u 4libern\u00edho kan\u00f3nu. \u00dadaje o dost\u0159elu se li\u0161\u00ed podle pramene. Picard v <a href=\"https:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k56041127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">L&#8217;artillerie fran\u00e7aise au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle<\/a> (1906) uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee dost\u0159el hrub\u00fdch kart\u00e1\u010d\u016f \u010dinil a\u017e 780 m u 12libern\u00edho, 680 m u 8libern\u00edho, a 585 m u 4libern\u00edho kan\u00f3nu. U jemn\u00fdch kart\u00e1\u010d\u016f to bylo 680, 580 resp. 490 m. U 6palcov\u00e9 houfnice jen cca 160 m.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0160est\u00fdm projektilem byl britsk\u00fd \u0161rapnel (<em>Shrapnell shell<\/em>) vyv\u00edjen\u00fd od roku 1784 zaveden\u00fd v roce 1803 a poprv\u00e9 nasazen\u00fd b\u011bhem t\u0159et\u00ed koali\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lky v roce 1804 proti holandsk\u00e9 jihoamerick\u00e9 pevnosti Fort Nieuw-Amsterdam, prakticky gran\u00e1t napln\u011bn\u00fd mal\u00fdmi kulemi (27-85 pro 6libern\u00ed, 41-127 pro 9libern\u00ed, 153 pro 8,5palcovou houfnici), kter\u00fd kombinoval vlastnosti kart\u00e1\u010de a gran\u00e1tu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e byla d\u00e9lka z\u00e1palky nastavena, aby vybuchoval ve vzduchu nad protivn\u00edkovou formac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/delostrelectvo-napoleonskych-valek-o-francouzskych-polnich-houfnicich\/\">D\u011blost\u0159electvo napoleonsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek \u2013 o (francouzsk\u00fdch) poln\u00edch houfnic\u00edch<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.securitymagazin.cz\/historie\/napoleonovo-delostrelectvo-1404059792.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napoleonovo d\u011blost\u0159electvo \u2013 obl\u00edben\u00e1 zbra\u0148 francouzsk\u00e9ho vojev\u016fdce<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/predpis-tykajici-se-sluzby-delostreleckeho-sboru-v-tazeni\/\">P\u0159edpis t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se slu\u017eby d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho sboru v ta\u017een\u00ed<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/instrukce-o-obsluze-bitevniho-kanonu\/\">Instrukce o obsluze bitevn\u00edho kan\u00f3nu<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u00edte, \u017ee (poln\u00ed) d\u011blost\u0159electvo nepou\u017e\u00edvalo troj\u00ed druh munice: koule, gran\u00e1ty a kart\u00e1\u010de, ale \u017ee poln\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159electvo st\u0159\u00edlelo v dob\u011b bitvy u Slavkova \u0161esti druhy projektil\u016f, francouzsk\u00e9 d\u011blost\u0159electvo p\u011bti. A \u017ee jin\u00e9 projektily vyst\u0159eluj\u00ed kan\u00f3ny, jin\u00e9 houfnice? A v\u00edte, \u017ee se gran\u00e1ty nest\u0159\u00edlelo proti &#8222;rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fdm jednotk\u00e1m&#8220;?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":15603,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,14],"tags":[6036,6190,6189],"class_list":["post-15617","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-francouzska-armada","tag-francouzske-delostrelectvo","tag-polni-kanony","tag-system-gribeauval"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15617","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15617"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15617\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17038,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15617\/revisions\/17038"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15603"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15617"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15617"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15617"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}