{"id":15946,"date":"2020-01-24T13:11:28","date_gmt":"2020-01-24T11:11:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/?p=15946"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:32:46","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:32:46","slug":"napoleonova-armada-v-roce-1805-delostrelectvo-a-zenijni-vojsko","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/napoleonova-armada-v-roce-1805-delostrelectvo-a-zenijni-vojsko\/","title":{"rendered":"Napoleonova arm\u00e1da v roce 1805: D\u011blost\u0159electvo a \u017eenijn\u00ed vojsko"},"content":{"rendered":"

IV. D\u011blost\u0159electvo<\/h2>\n

(viz tak\u00e9 Napoleonovo d\u011blost\u0159electvo – obl\u00edben\u00e1 zbra\u0148 francouzsk\u00e9ho vojev\u016fdce<\/a>)<\/p>\n

C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fd d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fd sbor (Corps imp\u00e9rial d\u2019artillerie<\/em>) se skl\u00e1dal v\u00a0roce 1805 z\u00a0d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1bu[i]<\/a>, 8 pluk\u016f p\u011b\u0161\u00edho d\u011blost\u0159electva (r\u00e9giments d\u2018artillerie \u00e0 pied<\/em>); 6 pluk\u016f j\u00edzdn\u00edho d\u011blost\u0159electva (r\u00e9giments d\u2018artillerie \u00e0 cheval<\/em>); 2 batalion\u016f ponton\u00fdr\u016f (bataillons de pontonniers<\/em>); 8 batalion\u016f d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho tr\u00e9nu (bataillons du train d\u2019artillerie<\/em>), 20. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1805 byly vytvo\u0159eny bataliony \u010d. 9 a 10 a 2. listopadu \u010d. 11 \u2013 bataliony se ve v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m stavu zdvojovaly, mate\u0159sk\u00fd batalion byl ozna\u010dov\u00e1n jako hlavn\u00ed (principal<\/em>), nov\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00fd si ponech\u00e1val jeho \u010d\u00edslo s dodatkem bis<\/em>; 15 d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch rot (compagnies d\u2019ouvriers d\u2019artillerie<\/em>), 16. rota byla vytvo\u0159ena 4. \u010dervence 1805; 1 pracovn\u00ed rota d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho tr\u00e9nu (compagnie d\u2019ouvriers du train d\u2019artillerie<\/em>); 1 roty zbroj\u00ed\u0159\u016f (compagnie d\u2019armuriers<\/em>), 2 dal\u0161\u00ed byly vytvo\u0159eny 1. listopadu; 11 d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fdch \u0161kol (\u00e9coles d\u2019artillerie<\/em>); 100 rot kanon\u00fdr\u016f pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ee (compagnies de canonniers gardes-c\u00f4tes<\/em>); a 28 pos\u00e1dkov\u00fdch rot kanon\u00fdr\u016f pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ee (compagnies de canonniers gardes-c\u00f4tes s\u00e9dentaires<\/em>)[ii]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

D\u011blost\u0159electvo bylo Napoleonovou obl\u00edbenou \u201evzd\u011blanou\u201c zbran\u00ed, s\u00e1m byl p\u016fvodn\u00ed specializac\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159elec, a z poln\u00edho d\u011blost\u0159electva francouzsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy, je\u017e m\u011blo v\u00fdbornou pov\u011bst ji\u017e za \u201eStar\u00e9ho re\u017eimu\u201c a za revolu\u010dn\u00edch v\u00e1lek ji potvrdilo, u\u010dinil modern\u00ed a ostatn\u00ed zbran\u011b velmi \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b podporuj\u00edc\u00ed s\u00edlu. Ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 1798 bylo zru\u0161eno p\u016flbrig\u00e1dn\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159electvo a nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed formac\u00ed, kter\u00e1 disponovala vlastn\u00edm d\u011blost\u0159electvem se stala divize. Divizn\u00ed a z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed (sborov\u00e9) d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9 parky (parcs d\u2019artillerie<\/em>) zahrnovaly d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fd materi\u00e1l divizn\u00edch a sborov\u00fdch bateri\u00ed. Byly administrativn\u011b a materi\u00e1ln\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na tzv. hlavn\u00edm d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9m parku (parc g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d\u2019artillerie<\/em>), kter\u00fd zahrnoval jednak arzen\u00e1ly zbudovan\u00e9 na komunika\u010dn\u00ed linii arm\u00e1dy, jednak vlastn\u00ed mobiln\u00ed arm\u00e1dn\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159eleckou z\u00e1lohu. (viz tak\u00e9 P\u0159edpis t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se slu\u017eby d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho sboru v\u00a0ta\u017een\u00ed<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Rozd\u00edl mezi p\u011b\u0161\u00edm a j\u00edzdn\u00edm d\u011blost\u0159electvem je nasnad\u011b \u2013 p\u011b\u0161\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159elci se p\u0159esunovali p\u011b\u0161ky, j\u00edzdn\u00ed v\u00a0sedle.<\/p>\n

IV.1 Organizace p\u011b\u0161\u00edho a j\u00edzdn\u00edho d\u011blost\u0159electva <\/strong>(viz tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edloha D<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Organizace p\u011b\u0161\u00edho i j\u00edzdn\u00edho d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho pluku platn\u00e1 v\u00a0roce 1805 byla stanovena v\u00fdnosem z\u00a010. flor\u00e9alu roku XI (30. dubna 1803). Pluk p\u011b\u0161\u00edho d\u011blost\u0159electva se skl\u00e1dal ze \u0161t\u00e1bu a 22 rot po 100 mu\u017e\u00edch. Roty se d\u011blily se do \u010dty\u0159 dru\u017estev. Pluk j\u00edzdn\u00edho d\u011blost\u0159electva se skl\u00e1dal ze \u0161t\u00e1bu a \u0161esti rot po 100 mu\u017e\u00edch rozd\u011blen\u00fdch do \u010dty\u0159 dru\u017estev; 6. pluk m\u011bl celkem 7 rot.<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b rozd\u00edl\u016f ve zp\u016fsobu nasazen\u00ed, v\u00a0uniform\u00e1ch a v\u00fdstroji se p\u011b\u0161\u00ed a j\u00edzdn\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159electvo li\u0161ilo, podobn\u011b jako \u0159adov\u00e1 a lehk\u00e1 p\u011bchota, v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm esprit de corps<\/em> j\u00edzdn\u00edch d\u011blost\u0159elc\u016f. P\u016fvodn\u011b vzniklo j\u00edzdn\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159electvo z\u00a0vybran\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f elitn\u00edch rot p\u011bchoty a rot p\u011b\u0161\u00edho d\u011blost\u0159electva \u2013 pluky toho v\u011bt\u0161inou vyu\u017eily a zbavily se nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch bu\u0159i\u010d\u016f a rv\u00e1\u010d\u016f, \u010d\u00edm\u017e daly j\u00edzdn\u00edmu d\u011blost\u0159electvu pon\u011bkud sv\u00e9r\u00e1zn\u00fd charakter. V\u00a0roce 1805 to ji\u017e sice \u00fapln\u011b neplatilo, nicm\u00e9n\u011b nad\u00e1le byli k\u00a0j\u00edzdn\u00edm pluk\u016fm p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1ni vybran\u00ed odvedenci.<\/p>\n

8 pluk\u016f p\u011b\u0161\u00edho d\u011blost\u0159electva p\u0159edstavovalo tabulkov\u011b s\u00edlu ve v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m stavu 17840 mu\u017e\u016f (ke 4. srpnu 1805 to bylo 12012 mu\u017e\u016f, tedy 67 %) a 6 pluk\u016f j\u00edzdn\u00edho d\u011blost\u0159electva m\u011blo \u010d\u00edtat 3790 mu\u017e\u016f (ke 4. srpnu 1805 to bylo 2463 mu\u017e\u016f, tedy 65 %).<\/p>\n

IV.2 Organizace d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho tr\u00e9nu, ponton\u00fdr\u016f, zbroj\u00ed\u0159\u016f a pracovn\u00edch rot <\/strong>(viz tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edloha E<\/a>)
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Batalion d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho tr\u00e9nu se skl\u00e1dal podle v\u00fdnosu z\u00a018. vend\u00e9miairu roku X (23. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1801) potvrzen\u00e9ho v\u00a0roce 1802 i 1803 ze \u0161t\u00e1bu (11 mu\u017e\u016f) a 6 rot (99 mu\u017e\u016f ka\u017ed\u00e1). Roty d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho tr\u00e9nu byly p\u0159i\u0159azeny k\u00a0d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fdm rot\u00e1m, d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fdm park\u016fm, pos\u00e1dkov\u00e9mu d\u011blost\u0159electvu, d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fdm \u0161kol\u00e1m a arzen\u00e1l\u016fm a zaji\u0161\u0165ovaly p\u0159epravu d\u011bl, munice (v\u010detn\u011b p\u011bchotn\u00ed) a n\u00e1hradn\u00edch d\u00edl\u016f.<\/p>\n

Batalion ponton\u00fdr\u016f se skl\u00e1dal podle dekretu z\u00a09. vend\u00e9miairu roku XIII (1. \u0159\u00edjna 1804) ze \u0161t\u00e1bu (10 mu\u017e\u016f)\u00a0osmi rot (ka\u017ed\u00e1 100 mu\u017e\u016f). Jednotliv\u00e9 roty byly p\u0159id\u011bleny d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fdm park\u016fm. Jejich \u00fakolem bylo stav\u011bt pontonov\u00e9 mosty, a to za pomoci lodic zrekv\u00edrovan\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edmo v\u00a0dan\u00e9 oblasti.<\/p>\n

Roty zbroj\u00ed\u0159\u016f (po 50 mu\u017e\u00edch), organizovan\u00e9 v\u00a0roce 1805 podle dekretu z\u00a09. vend\u00e9miairu roku XIII (1. \u0159\u00edjna 1804), byly p\u0159id\u011bleny arm\u00e1dn\u00edmu d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9mu parku a zaji\u0161\u0165ovaly opravy a \u00fapravy ru\u010dn\u00edch zbran\u00ed. Pracovn\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9 roty (po 100 mu\u017e\u00edch) organizovan\u00e9 podle dekretu z\u00a015. messidoru roku XIII (4. \u010dervence 1805), byly p\u0159id\u011bleny arzen\u00e1l\u016fm a d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fdm park\u016fm, kde zaji\u0161\u0165ovaly opravy a \u00fapravy d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Pracovn\u00ed rota d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho tr\u00e9nu, organizovan\u00e1 podle v\u00fdnosu ze 16. thermidoru roku IX (4. srpna 1801), byla sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed arm\u00e1dn\u00edho d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho parku a zaji\u0161\u0165ovala opravy a \u00fapravy postroj\u016f a z\u00e1p\u0159ah\u016f.<\/p>\n

IV.3 D\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fd materi\u00e1l <\/strong>(viz tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edloha F<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Francouzsk\u00e9 kan\u00f3ny (canons<\/em>), mo\u017ed\u00ed\u0159e (mortiers<\/em>) a houfnice (obusiers<\/em>) vych\u00e1zely ze syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd zavedl Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval (1715 \u2013 1789) \u2013 standardizace v\u00fdrazn\u011b zjednodu\u0161ila v\u00fdrobu, \u00fadr\u017ebu i nasazen\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159electva. Zbran\u011b se d\u011blily na obl\u00e9hac\u00ed (pi<\/em>\u00e8<\/em>ces de si<\/em>\u00e8<\/em>ge<\/em>), pevnostn\u00ed (pi<\/em>\u00e8<\/em>ces de place<\/em>) a poln\u00ed (pi\u00e8ces de campagne<\/em>). Mezi obl\u00e9hac\u00ed d\u011bla pat\u0159ily 24-, 16- a 12libern\u00ed kan\u00f3ny, mo\u017ed\u00ed\u0159e r\u00e1\u017ee 12, 10 a 8 palc\u016f a 8palcov\u00e9 houfnice, pevnostn\u00ed v\u00fdzbroj zahrnovala tak\u00e9 48- a 36libern\u00ed kan\u00f3ny.<\/p>\n\n\t\t