{"id":15953,"date":"2020-01-24T13:20:17","date_gmt":"2020-01-24T11:20:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/?p=15953"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:32:46","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:32:46","slug":"napoleonova-armada-v-roce-1805-vojenske-skoly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/napoleonova-armada-v-roce-1805-vojenske-skoly\/","title":{"rendered":"Napoleonova arm\u00e1da v roce 1805: Vojensk\u00e9 \u0161koly"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>VIII. Vojensk\u00e9 \u0161koly<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Vojensk\u00e9 \u0161koly slou\u017eily k\u00a0teoretick\u00e9 i praktick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b budouc\u00edch d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f jednotliv\u00fdch zbran\u00ed. Krom\u011b zde vyjmenovan\u00fdch (jsou abecedn\u011b se\u0159azeny podle sv\u00e9ho francouzsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1zvu) existovalo dal\u0161\u00edch 10 men\u0161\u00edch d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fdch \u0161kol (La F\u00e8re, Besan\u00e7on, Grenoble, Strasbourg, Douai, Auxonne, Toulouse, Rennes, Valence a Turin). Dv\u011b c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 veterin\u00e1rn\u00ed \u0161koly (<em>Ecoles imp\u00e9riales v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires<\/em>) slou\u017eily k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b veterin\u00e1\u0159\u016f jezdectva, j\u00edzdn\u00edho d\u011blost\u0159electva a tr\u00e9nu.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Ecole des pages<\/strong> (\u0160kola p\u00e1\u017eat) \u2013 obnovena dekretem ze 14. thermidoru roku XIII (2. srpna 1805) a pod\u0159\u00edzena Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu podkon\u00edmu (<em>Grand \u00e9cuyeur<\/em>) Caulaincourtovi byla ur\u010dena pro v\u00fdchovu syn\u016f z\u00a0nejlep\u0161\u00edch rodin c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed nastupovali ke studiu ve \u010dtrn\u00e1cti nebo\u00a0patn\u00e1cti letech a kon\u010dili je v\u00a0osmn\u00e1cti, nejv\u00fd\u0161e dvaceti letech. Rodiny platily za studia 720 frank\u016f ro\u010dn\u011b. Po skon\u010den\u00ed studia nastupovala p\u00e1\u017eata ke slu\u017eb\u011b u jezdectva v\u00a0hodnostech podporu\u010d\u00edk\u016f, nebo poru\u010d\u00edk\u016f, nebo, co\u017e bylo touhou ka\u017ed\u00e9ho studenta \u0161koly, z\u016fstala ve slu\u017eb\u011b p\u0159i C\u00edsa\u0159ov\u011b vojensk\u00e9m domu.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Ecole imp\u00e9riale d\u2018\u00e9quitation<\/strong> (C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e1 jezdeck\u00e1 \u0161kola) \u2013 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed (od roku 1804 c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9) jezdeck\u00e9 \u0161koly byly v\u00a0roce 1805 celkem t\u0159i. Ve Versailles (zalo\u017eena 2. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1796), v\u00a0Lun\u00e9ville a v\u00a0Angers (ob\u011b zalo\u017eeny 9. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1799). P\u0159\u00edprava budouc\u00edch podporu\u010d\u00edk\u016f jezdectva na nich trvala t\u0159i a\u017e \u010dty\u0159i roky.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Ecole imp\u00e9riale de l\u2018artillerie et du g\u00e9nie de Metz<\/strong> (C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e1 \u0161kola d\u011blost\u0159electva a \u017eenijn\u00edho vojska v Metz) \u2013 naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 do vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed <em>Ecole d\u2019application de l\u2019artillerie et du g\u00e9nie<\/em> (Aplika\u010dn\u00ed \u0161kola d\u011blost\u0159electva a \u017eenijn\u00edho vojska) \u2013 byla zalo\u017eena v\u00fdnosem z\u00a012. vend\u00e9miairu roku XI (4. \u0159\u00edjna 1802), kter\u00fd spojoval dosavadn\u00ed \u017eenijn\u00ed \u0161kolu v Met\u00e1ch a d\u011blost\u0159eleckou \u0161kolu v\u00a0Ch\u00e2lons-sur-Marne. P\u0159ipravovala budouc\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9 a \u017eenijn\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edky. Jej\u00ed studenti, absolventi Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 \u0161koly, vojensk\u00e9 st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0161koly, lycej\u00ed a zejm\u00e9na Polytechniky, skl\u00e1dali p\u0159ij\u00edmac\u00ed zkou\u0161ky a na \u0161kole studovali jeden rok. \u0160kola je p\u0159ipravovala v\u00a0p\u0159edm\u011btech jako ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00fdch d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fdch zbran\u00ed; man\u00e9vrov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159electva, d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e1 konstrukce; formov\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed poln\u00ed, obl\u00e9hac\u00ed a mostn\u00ed ekvip\u00e1\u017ee; opev\u0148ovac\u00ed pr\u00e1ce; \u00fatok proti opevn\u011bn\u00ed a jeho obrana; podkopov\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce; v\u00fdkresy pl\u00e1n\u016f a map; slu\u017eba \u017eenijn\u00edho vojska v\u00a0dob\u011b m\u00edru a v\u00e1lky; d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e1 slu\u017eba p\u0159i arm\u00e1d\u00e1ch, v\u00a0d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fdch parc\u00edch, pevnostech, arzen\u00e1lech, na lod\u00edch a dal\u0161\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Ecole polytechnique<\/strong> (Polytechnick\u00e1 \u0161kola) \u2013 vznikla z\u00e1konem z\u00a015. fructidoru roku III\u00a0(1. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1795) z\u00a0\u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed \u0161koly ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch prac\u00ed (<em>Ecole centrale des travaux publics<\/em>) k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b na slu\u017ebu u d\u011blost\u0159electva, \u017eenijn\u00edho vojska a \u0159ady civiln\u00edch povol\u00e1n\u00ed, je\u017e vy\u017eadovala znalost matematiky a fyziky<a href=\"#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[i]<\/a>. Dekretem z\u00a027. messidoru roku XII (16. \u010dervence 1804) byl ve \u0161kole zaveden zcela vojensk\u00fd re\u017eim, \u017e\u00e1ci byli organizov\u00e1ni v\u00a0batalionu o \u010dty\u0159ech rot\u00e1ch. Rodina p\u0159isp\u00edvala na \u017e\u00e1ka 800 franky ro\u010dn\u011b (a asi \u010dtvrtinu \u017e\u00e1k\u016f podporovali solid\u00e1rn\u011b jejich bohat\u0161\u00ed spolu\u017e\u00e1ci). Na \u0161kole se vyu\u010dovala matematika, fyzika, chemie, deskriptivn\u00ed geometrie, strojnictv\u00ed, zem\u011bm\u011b\u0159i\u010dstv\u00ed a topografie, studium trvalo dva roky.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Ecole sp\u00e9ciale imp\u00e9riale militaire<\/strong> (Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 \u0161kola) \u2013 byla zalo\u017eena z\u00e1konem z\u00a011. flor\u00e9alu roku X (1. kv\u011btna 1802) jako <em>Ecole sp\u00e9ciale militaire<\/em> (Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 \u0161kola) a v\u00fdnosem z\u00a08. pluvi\u00f4se roku XI (28. ledna 1803) um\u00edst\u011bna ve Fontainebleau<a href=\"#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[ii]<\/a>. Vyu\u010dovala se zde matematika, \u0161kola batalionu (v\u00fdcvikov\u00e9ho p\u011bchotn\u00edho p\u0159edpisu z\u00a0roku 1791), kreslen\u00ed map, v\u00fdkresy opevn\u011bn\u00ed, zem\u011bpis, d\u011bjepis, literatura a vojensk\u00e1 administrativa. \u017d\u00e1ci se d\u011blili na dv\u011b skupiny \u2013 na ty, jim\u017e platila vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed vl\u00e1da, a na ty, je\u017e vydr\u017eovala na studi\u00edch rodina (1.200 frank\u016f ro\u010dn\u011b). V\u0161ichni museli m\u00edt mezi 16 a 18 lety v\u011bku, m\u00edt za sebou povinnou \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zku (\u017e\u00e1ci studuj\u00edc\u00ed na n\u00e1klady vl\u00e1dy museli proj\u00edt lyceem), proj\u00edt p\u0159ij\u00edmac\u00ed zkou\u0161kou, ovl\u00e1dat aritmetiku, geometrii a spisovnou francouz\u0161tinu slovem i p\u00edsmem. P\u0159\u00edprava byla velice tvrd\u00e1, \u017e\u00e1ci byli pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za voj\u00e1ky a krom\u011b studia proch\u00e1zeli \u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdm vojensk\u00fdm v\u00fdcvikem. Studium trvalo dva roky, ale mohlo b\u00fdt v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby zkr\u00e1ceno.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Prytan\u00e9e militaire <\/strong>(Vojensk\u00e1 st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0161kola) \u2013 zalo\u017eena za konzul\u00e1tu jako st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0161kola ur\u010den\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro syny voj\u00e1k\u016f a st\u00e1tn\u00edch \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed polo\u017eili \u017eivot za Francii. T\u011bm platila studia vl\u00e1da, za ostatn\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ky platily rodiny 800 a\u017e 1.000 frank\u016f ro\u010dn\u011b. Studium kon\u010dilo v\u00a0osmn\u00e1cti letech, absolventi bu\u010f nastoupili do st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy, nebo pokra\u010dovali ve studiu na specializovan\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch. \u0160kola podl\u00e9hala ministerstvu vnitra a byla rozd\u011blena do \u010dty\u0159 <em>coll\u00e8ges<\/em> (kolej\u00ed) \u2013 v\u00a0Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei, Fontainebleau, Versailles (Saint-Cyr) a Compi\u00e8gne. Dekretem z\u00a013. fructidoru roku XIII (31. srpna 1805) byla z\u00a0koleje v\u00a0Saint-Cyr vytvo\u0159ena \u010dist\u011b vojensk\u00e1 st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0161kola (<em>Prytan\u00e9e militaire<\/em>) jako p\u0159\u00edpravka pro Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed vojenskou \u0161kolu. \u00dasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b p\u0159ijat\u00ed pokra\u010dovali ve studiu, ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00ed nastupovali k\u00a0jednotk\u00e1m jako podd\u016fstojn\u00edci.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/napoleonova-armada-v-roce-1805\/\">Zp\u011bt na obsah.<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[i]<\/a> Jako byla spr\u00e1va most\u016f a cest (<em>Pont-et-Chauss\u00e9es<\/em>), civiln\u00ed stavitelstv\u00ed, doly, konstrukce lod\u00ed, topografie.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[ii]<\/a> V\u00a0roce 1808 byla p\u0159em\u00edst\u011bna do Saint-Cyr.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vojensk\u00e9 \u0161koly slou\u017eily k teoretick\u00e9 i praktick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b budouc\u00edch d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f jednotliv\u00fdch zbran\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,6214],"tags":[5863,6220],"class_list":["post-15953","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-texty_bez_rubriky","tag-francouzska-armada","tag-vojenske-skoly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15953","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15953"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15953\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15973,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15953\/revisions\/15973"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15953"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15953"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15953"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}