{"id":15956,"date":"2020-01-24T13:22:51","date_gmt":"2020-01-24T11:22:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/?p=15956"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:32:45","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:32:45","slug":"napoleonova-armada-v-roce-1805-zdravotni-sluzba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/napoleonova-armada-v-roce-1805-zdravotni-sluzba\/","title":{"rendered":"Napoleonova arm\u00e1da v roce 1805: Zdravotn\u00ed slu\u017eba"},"content":{"rendered":"

IX. Zdravotn\u00ed slu\u017eba<\/strong><\/h2>\n

(viz tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edloha H – syst\u00e9m hodnostn\u00edch stup\u0148\u016f<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Zdravotn\u00ed slu\u017eba byla ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eenou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed arm\u00e1dy. Prvn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem byl nedostatek prost\u0159edk\u016f v\u011bnovan\u00fdch nejen na jej\u00ed v\u00fdvoj, ale i prostou existenci, druh\u00fdm, nem\u00e9n\u011b v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm, bylo jej\u00ed pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdm komisa\u0159\u016fm \u2013 lidem bez pot\u0159ebn\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, pro n\u011b\u017e byla spr\u00e1va zdravotn\u00ed slu\u017eby jen jedn\u00edm z\u00a0mnoha \u00fakol\u016f.<\/p>\n

Zdravotn\u00ed slu\u017eba m\u011bla t\u0159i v\u011btve \u2013 chirurgy (chirurgiens<\/em>), l\u00e9ka\u0159e (m\u00e9decins<\/em>) a l\u00e9k\u00e1rn\u00edky (pharmaciens<\/em>) a byla rozd\u011blena na person\u00e1l arm\u00e1dn\u00edch \u0161pit\u00e1l\u016f (h\u00f4pitaux<\/em>), ambulanc\u00ed (ambulances<\/em>) a na plukovn\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edky \u2013 plukovn\u00ed chirurgy. Podle v\u00fdnosu z 24. thermidoru roku VIII (12. srpna 1800) byl po\u010det arm\u00e1dn\u00edch nemocnic stanoven na t\u0159icet. P\u0159\u00edprava zdravotn\u00edch d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f prob\u00edhala ve \u010dty\u0159ech z nich (Val-de-Gr\u00e2ce, Lille, Metz a Strasbourg), ale vzhledem k\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00e9mu po\u010dtu vyu\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch nebyla dostate\u010dn\u00e1. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 byla z\u00a0\u0159ad arm\u00e1dy propu\u0161t\u011bna (op\u011bt z\u00a0ekonomick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f) \u0159ada zku\u0161en\u00fdch zdravotn\u00edch d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f. V\u00fdnos ze 16. frimairu roku IX (7. prosince 1800) pak sn\u00ed\u017eil po\u010det \u0161pit\u00e1l\u016f na \u0161estn\u00e1ct a po\u010det p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f zdravotn\u00ed slu\u017eby na pouh\u00fdch 844, plus 489 chirurg\u016f u jednotek \u2013 po\u010det naprosto neodpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed stav\u016fm francouzsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy. Pot\u0159eba vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho po\u010dtu zdravotn\u00edch d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f, je\u017e vyvstala s\u00a0pl\u00e1novnou invaz\u00ed do Brit\u00e1nie a posl\u00e9ze s\u00a0v\u00e1lkou 3. koalice, p\u0159ivedla do zdravotn\u00ed slu\u017eby pov\u011bt\u0161inou nedouky, kte\u0159\u00ed si vybrali zdravotn\u00ed slu\u017ebu, aby unikli b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 slu\u017eb\u011b. V\u00fdcvikov\u00e9 \u0161pit\u00e1ly ji\u017e byly zru\u0161en\u00e9.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdnosem z\u00a09. frimairu roku XII (1. prosince 1803) byla dosavadn\u00ed Zdravotn\u00ed rada (Conseil de sant\u00e9<\/em>) nahrazena \u0161esti hlavn\u00edmi inspektory zdravotn\u00ed slu\u017eby (inspecteurs g\u00e9n\u00e9raux du service de sant\u00e9<\/em>), byli to Jeam-Fran\u00e7ois Coste, vrchn\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159 Pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed arm\u00e1dy; Ren\u00e9-Niclas Desgesnettes, vrchn\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159 Val-de-Gr\u00e2ce; Pierre-Fran\u00e7ois Percy a Nicolas Heurteloup, vrchn\u00ed chirurgov\u00e9 Pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed a Italsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy; Jean-Dominique Larrey, vrchn\u00ed chirurg Gardy konsul\u016f (C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 gardy od roku 1804); a Antoine-Augustin Parmentier, vrchn\u00ed l\u00e9k\u00e1rn\u00edk Pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed arm\u00e1dy. Tito zku\u0161en\u00ed a vzd\u011blan\u00ed dokto\u0159i v\u0161ak \u0159\u00eddili zdravotn\u00ed slu\u017ebu pouze v\u00a0ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u011bdy, po odborn\u00e9 str\u00e1nce jim podl\u00e9hal zdravotn\u00ed person\u00e1l \u0161pit\u00e1l\u016f a veleli poln\u00edm ambulanc\u00edm v akci. Organizace \u0161pit\u00e1l\u016f a ambulanc\u00ed, jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed, z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159evelov\u00e1n\u00ed zdravotn\u00edch d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f \u2013 v\u00a0t\u011bchto z\u00e1sadn\u00edch v\u011bcech m\u011bli hlavn\u00ed slovo \u010dasto nekompetentn\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00ed komisa\u0159i a jejich z\u00e1sahy beztak nedokonal\u00fd syst\u00e9m jen d\u00e1le zhor\u0161ovaly.<\/p>\n

Voj\u00e1ci m\u011bli v\u00a0bitv\u011b zak\u00e1z\u00e1no spont\u00e1nn\u011b pom\u00e1hat ran\u011bn\u00fdm spolubojovn\u00edk\u016fm \u2013 aby toho nezneu\u017e\u00edvali k\u00a0opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00e9ho m\u00edsta. Ran\u011bn\u00fd tak musel vy\u010dkat (podle hodnosti \u010dasto hodiny a dokonce dny), ne\u017e jej nepo\u010detn\u00e1 zdravotn\u00ed slu\u017eba dopravila na obvazi\u0161t\u011b, nebo se tam dostat vlastn\u00edmi silami. Zcela b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm \u00fakonem chirurga byla amputace, je\u017e se prov\u00e1d\u011bla i v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b leh\u010d\u00edch zran\u011bn\u00ed \u2013 aby se zabr\u00e1nilo hroz\u00edc\u00ed infekci. Nebyl \u010das na pe\u010dlivou dlouhodobou l\u00e9\u010dbu, chirurg m\u011bl na ka\u017ed\u00e9ho pacienta velice omezenou dobu. Anestetikem byl \u010dasto pouh\u00fd \u0159emen mezi zuby. Zku\u0161en\u00fd chirurg dok\u00e1zal amputovat nohu za 100 sekund, b\u011bda zran\u011bn\u00e9mu hrdinovi, kter\u00fd padl do rukou ni\u017e\u0161\u00edho pomocn\u00e9ho chirurga, nebo chirurga 3. t\u0159\u00eddy.<\/p>\n

Ambulance ka\u017ed\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy, nebo arm\u00e1dn\u00edho sboru se d\u011blila na tzv. ambulantn\u00ed depot (d\u00e9p\u00f4t d\u2019ambulance<\/em>), naz\u00fdvan\u00fd tak\u00e9 ambulantn\u00ed \u0161pit\u00e1l prvn\u00ed pomoci (h\u00f4pital ambulant de premiers secours<\/em>) a um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fd v\u00a0dosahu boji\u0161t\u011b, kde byli p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1ni ran\u011bn\u00ed k\u00a0prvn\u00edmu o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, a ambulantn\u00ed divize (divisions d\u2019ambulance<\/em>) p\u0159id\u011blen\u00e9 diviz\u00edm sboru. Ambulantn\u00ed divize jednak tvo\u0159ily person\u00e1l ambulantn\u00edho depotu, jednak se d\u011blily d\u00e1le na ambulantn\u00ed sekce (sections d\u2019ambulance<\/em>), je\u017e operovaly v prvn\u00ed linii a na k\u0159\u00eddlech divize. Z\u00e1lohou sboru byla lehk\u00e1, neboli l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed ambulance (ambulance l\u00e9g\u00e8re, volante<\/em>), jej\u00ed\u017e cel\u00fd person\u00e1l slou\u017eil v\u00a0sedle a m\u011bl k\u00a0dispozici lehk\u00fd povoz. Ka\u017ed\u00fd pluk m\u011bl svou vlastn\u00ed ambulanci, kter\u00e1 poskytovala okam\u017eitou prvn\u00ed pomoc p\u0159\u00edmo v\u00a0prvn\u00ed linii.<\/p>\n

Zran\u011bn\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159e\u017eili prvn\u00ed o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo na boji\u0161ti, nebo v ambulantn\u00edch \u0161pit\u00e1lech prvn\u00ed pomoci byli transportov\u00e1ni do do\u010dasn\u011b zbudovan\u00fdch (h\u00f4pitaux temporaires<\/em>)[i]<\/a> a evakua\u010dn\u00edch \u0161pit\u00e1l\u016f (h\u00f4pitaux d\u2018\u00e9vacuation<\/em>) um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch na komunika\u010dn\u00ed linii arm\u00e1dy, v\u00e1\u017en\u011b zran\u011bn\u00ed a nemocn\u00ed, jejich\u017e l\u00e9\u010dba vy\u017eadovala del\u0161\u00ed dobu, pokra\u010dovali posl\u00e9ze, zpravidla v\u00a0nelidsk\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch nat\u011bsn\u00e1ni na nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch povozech (transport ran\u011bn\u00fdch byl na posledn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b v\u00a0\u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dku priorit arm\u00e1dn\u00ed p\u0159epravy \u2013 po d\u011blost\u0159electvu, munici, proviantu a mnohdy i ko\u0159isti) do st\u00e1l\u00fdch \u0161pit\u00e1l\u016f (h\u00f4pitaux permanents<\/em>) v\u00a0obsazen\u00fdch a spojeneck\u00fdch zem\u00edch a ve Francii.<\/p>\n

Roty \u0161pit\u00e1ln\u00edch zdravotn\u00edk\u016f (compagnies d\u2019infirmiers d\u2018h\u00f4pitaux<\/em>) byly zalo\u017eeny a\u017e dekretem ze 13. dubna 1809. Do t\u00e9 doby byl person\u00e1l arm\u00e1dn\u00edch \u0161pit\u00e1l\u016f tvo\u0159en nedostate\u010dn\u00fdm po\u010dtem najat\u00fdch a mizern\u011b placen\u00fdch civilist\u016f, jejich\u017e v\u00fdkonnost a ochota byly velice problematick\u00e9. V\u00a0poli plukovn\u00edm chirurg\u016fm \u010dasto pom\u00e1hali hudebn\u00edci.<\/p>\n

P\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed zran\u011bn\u00fdch ovliv\u0148ovala cel\u00e1 \u0159ada faktor\u016f, v\u011bt\u0161ina zem\u0159ela nikoli na n\u00e1sledky utr\u017een\u00fdch ran, ale podlehli poamputa\u010dn\u00edm hore\u010dk\u00e1m, dyzent\u00e9rii, stali se ob\u011bt\u00ed epidemi\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na tyfu a cholery), nebo zem\u0159eli z\u00a0celkov\u00e9ho vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed organismu, nedostatku \u017eivin, apod. Chirurgov\u00e9 na boji\u0161ti (ti zku\u0161en\u00ed a vzd\u011blan\u00ed) odv\u00e1d\u011bli v\u00a0ot\u0159esn\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u00e1ci, museli se v\u0161ak d\u00edvat na to, jak jejich pacienti n\u00e1sledn\u011b po stovk\u00e1ch um\u00edraj\u00ed v\u00a0nelidsk\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch transportu a \u0161pit\u00e1l\u016f. Zran\u011bn\u00e9mu francouzsk\u00e9mu voj\u00e1kovi nebylo \u017e\u00e1dnou \u00fat\u011bchou, \u017ee jeho protivn\u00edk byl vyd\u00e1n syst\u00e9mu je\u0161t\u011b h\u016f\u0159e funguj\u00edc\u00edmu.<\/p>\n

Zp\u011bt na obsah.<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

[i]<\/a> Do\u010dasn\u00e9 \u0161pit\u00e1ly byly bu\u010f \u0159adov\u00e9, je\u017e p\u0159ij\u00edmaly zran\u011bn\u00e9 po o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0prvn\u00ed linii a v\u00a0divizn\u00edch ambulanc\u00edch, nebo speci\u00e1ln\u00ed, ur\u010den\u00e9 pro nemocn\u00e9 (nap\u0159. svrabem, nebo pohlavn\u00edmi chorobami).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zdravotn\u00ed slu\u017eba byla ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eenou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed arm\u00e1dy. Prvn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem byl nedostatek prost\u0159edk\u016f v\u011bnovan\u00fdch nejen na jej\u00ed v\u00fdvoj, ale i prostou existenci, druh\u00fdm, nem\u00e9n\u011b v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm, bylo jej\u00ed pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdm komisa\u0159\u016fm.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,6214],"tags":[6222,5918,5899,6223,6221,6119],"class_list":["post-15956","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-texty_bez_rubriky","tag-baron-larrey","tag-napoleonova-armada","tag-napoleonske-valky","tag-percy","tag-vojenska-chirurgie","tag-zdravotni-sluzba"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15956","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15956"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15956\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16016,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15956\/revisions\/16016"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15956"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15956"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15956"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}