{"id":15959,"date":"2020-01-24T13:24:57","date_gmt":"2020-01-24T11:24:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/?p=15959"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:32:45","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:32:45","slug":"napoleonova-armada-v-roce-1805-vojenske-vozatajstvo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/napoleonova-armada-v-roce-1805-vojenske-vozatajstvo\/","title":{"rendered":"Napoleonova arm\u00e1da v roce 1805: Vojensk\u00e9 vozatajstvo"},"content":{"rendered":"

X. Vojensk\u00e9 vozatajstvo<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Arm\u00e1dn\u00ed transportn\u00ed slu\u017ebu zaji\u0161\u0165ovaly v\u00a0roce 1805, s\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou p\u0159epravy d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu a munice, je\u017e byla dom\u00e9nou d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho tr\u00e9nu (viz odd\u00edl IV<\/a>), st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b soukrom\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti \u2013 spole\u010dnost Breidt pro Velkou Arm\u00e1du a spole\u010dnost Gayde pro Italskou arm\u00e1du. Jednalo se o t\u011b\u017ekop\u00e1dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd po cel\u00e9 obdob\u00ed revolu\u010dn\u00edch v\u00e1lek fungoval velice \u0161patn\u011b, s\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou p\u0159epravy prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo ve Francii. V\u00a0roce 1807 proto bude vojensk\u00e9 vozatajstvo pln\u011b militarizov\u00e1no a vznikne z\u00e1sobovac\u00ed tr\u00e9n (train des \u00e9quipages<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Povozy a postroje pat\u0159ily st\u00e1tu, kon\u011b spole\u010dnostem a obsluha byla tvo\u0159ena civiln\u00edmi zam\u011bstnanci t\u011bchto spole\u010dnost\u00ed. Hlavn\u00ed probl\u00e9m cel\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, a d\u016fvod militarizace v\u00a0roce 1807, spo\u010d\u00edval v\u00a0tom, \u017ee z\u00e1jmy arm\u00e1dy a p\u0159epravn\u00edch spole\u010dnost\u00ed se zcela p\u0159irozen\u011b rozch\u00e1zely \u2013 spole\u010dnosti \u0161et\u0159ily, kde se dalo, arm\u00e1da pot\u0159ebovala dopravovat z\u00e1soby k\u00a0jednotk\u00e1m plynule a v\u010das. Ka\u017ed\u00fd k\u016f\u0148, ka\u017ed\u00e1 mula nav\u00edc zvy\u0161ovaly nejen pohyblivost povoz\u016f, ale samoz\u0159ejm\u011b i n\u00e1klady spole\u010dnostem. V\u00a0z\u00e1jmu spole\u010dnost\u00ed bylo platit co nejm\u00e9n\u011b zam\u011bstnanc\u016f, v\u00a0z\u00e1jmu arm\u00e1dy bylo, aby nemocn\u00e9ho, nebo jinak slu\u017eby neschopn\u00e9ho vozku, okam\u017eit\u011b n\u011bkdo nahradil. \u017d\u00e1dat od civiln\u00edch vozk\u016f projevy hrdinstv\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0tv\u00e1\u0159 nep\u0159\u00edteli bylo problematick\u00e9, jejich nad\u0161en\u00ed a vlastenectv\u00ed bylo \u00fam\u011brn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161i platu, je\u017e rozhodn\u011b nebyla takov\u00e1, aby pro ni riskovali zdrav\u00ed, nebo dokonce \u017eivot. Zejm\u00e9na vozkov\u00e9 povoz\u016f p\u0159id\u011blen\u00fdch k\u00a0jednotk\u00e1m se tomu v\u0161ak vyhnout zcela nemohli.<\/p>\n

Vojensk\u00e9 vozatajstvo podl\u00e9halo v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdm komisa\u0159\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli dohled nad dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm podm\u00ednek stanoven\u00fdch smlouvou mezi st\u00e1tem a danou spole\u010dnost\u00ed. Jak ji\u017e bylo \u0159e\u010deno, mnoz\u00ed komisa\u0159i up\u00edrali podstatnou \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9 pozornosti na zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vlastn\u00edch \u201epot\u0159eb\u201c. Teoreticky byly dod\u00e1vky proviantu[i]<\/a> zabezpe\u010deny, v\u00a0praxi se kv\u016fli nutnosti rychl\u00fdch p\u0159esun\u016f a vlivem vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch okolnost\u00ed arm\u00e1da \u010dasto uchylovala k\u00a0organizovan\u00fdm rekvizic\u00edm u civiln\u00edho obyvatelstva, je\u017e byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za leg\u00e1ln\u00ed. Krom\u011b nich si voj\u00e1ci v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nutnosti obstar\u00e1vali j\u00eddlo neleg\u00e1ln\u011b \u2013 marod\u00e9rstv\u00edm, loupen\u00edm (maraude<\/em>), je\u017e bylo trestn\u00e9, ale podle okolnost\u00ed veliteli do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry tolerovan\u00e9. Na drancov\u00e1n\u00ed (pillage<\/em>) se zbran\u00ed v\u00a0ruce pamatoval trestn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm trestem.<\/p>\n

X.1 Organizace vojensk\u00e9ho vozatajstva<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vozatajstvo bylo podle z\u00e1kona ze 14. frimairu roku XII (6. prosince 1803) organizov\u00e1no do brig\u00e1d (brigades<\/em>), je\u017e byly o\u010d\u00edslov\u00e1ny podle po\u0159ad\u00ed sv\u00e9ho zalo\u017een\u00ed. D\u011blily se na ty, je\u017e obsluhovaly \u010dty\u0159kolov\u00e9 povozy (35 mu\u017e\u016f, 108 kon\u00ed, z\u00a0toho 100 ta\u017en\u00fdch, a 25 povoz\u016f), a na ty, je\u017e obsluhovaly dvoukolov\u00e9 (ty m\u011bly o 25 ta\u017en\u00fdch kon\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b). Ka\u017edou brig\u00e1du \u0159\u00eddil \u201ekapit\u00e1n\u201c (capitaine<\/em>)[ii]<\/a>, kon\u011b a muly byly ozna\u010deny vyp\u00e1len\u00fdmi p\u00edsmeny E (Equipages<\/em>) a M (Militaires<\/em>), jezde\u010dt\u00ed kon\u011b m\u011bli nav\u00edc vyp\u00e1leno S (Selle<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Dv\u011b brig\u00e1dy administrativn\u011b podl\u00e9haly divizn\u00edmu \u0161\u00e9fovi (chef de division<\/em>), \u010dty\u0159i brig\u00e1dy zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmu kontrolorovi (contr\u00f4leur particulier<\/em>). Hlavn\u00edmu jednateli (agent g\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/em>) ka\u017ed\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti podl\u00e9hali ke \u0161t\u00e1b\u016fm arm\u00e1d a sbor\u016f p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00ed vrchn\u00ed jednatel (agent en chef<\/em>), slu\u017eebn\u00ed \u0161\u00e9f (chef de service<\/em>), ambulantn\u00ed kontrolor (contr\u00f4leur ambulant<\/em>) a p\u0159\u00edru\u010d\u00ed (commis<\/em>). Spole\u010dnost Breidt postavila pro ta\u017een\u00ed roku 1805 celkem 30 brig\u00e1d, z\u00a0nich 26[iii]<\/a> bylo ur\u010deno pro Velkou Arm\u00e1du. Celkem tvo\u0159ilo vojensk\u00e9 vozatajstvo Velk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy 546 povoz\u016f a 2608 kon\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Slu\u017eba se d\u011blila do t\u0159\u00ed kategori\u00ed: p\u0159eprava proviantu, zdravotn\u00ed slu\u017eby a pot\u0159eb pro stavbu t\u00e1bor\u016f; p\u0159eprava p\u0159id\u011blen\u00e1 jednotk\u00e1m a gener\u00e1l\u016fm; obecn\u00e1 p\u0159eprava a obsluha park\u016f. Obsluha d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fdch ekvip\u00e1\u017e\u00ed byla militarizov\u00e1na ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 1800, kdy vznikl d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fd tr\u00e9n (viz odd\u00edl IV).<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd batalion p\u011bchoty a pluk jezdectva m\u011bl b\u00fdt n\u00e1sledov\u00e1n dv\u011bma povozy s\u00a0proviantem, jedn\u00edm povozem pro zavazadla d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f (u p\u011bchoty byl nav\u00edc jeden povoz s\u00a0n\u00e1hradn\u00ed obuv\u00ed). Ka\u017ed\u00e1 plukovn\u00ed ambulance m\u011bla m\u00edt povoz se zdravotnick\u00fdm materi\u00e1lem, v\u016fz k\u00a0p\u0159eprav\u011b zavazadel m\u011bl plukovn\u00edk i major. Plukovn\u00ed povozy podl\u00e9haly plukovn\u00edmu vozmistrovi a spolu s povozy divizn\u00edho \u0161t\u00e1bu tvo\u0159ily pochodov\u00e9 kolony, je\u017e podl\u00e9haly divizn\u00edm vozmistr\u016fm. Hlavn\u00ed vozmistr (p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk arm\u00e1dn\u00edho, nebo sborov\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1bu) \u0159\u00eddil ekvip\u00e1\u017ee hlavn\u00edho \u0161t\u00e1bu a podl\u00e9hali mu divizn\u00ed vozmist\u0159i.<\/p>\n

X.2 Pomocn\u00e9 ekvip\u00e1\u017ee<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00a0pravideln\u00e9mu vojensk\u00e9mu vozatajstvu je t\u0159eba p\u0159i\u010d\u00edst tzv. pomocn\u00e9 ekvip\u00e1\u017ee (\u00e9quipages auxiliaires<\/em>). Na z\u00e1klad\u011b na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vrchn\u00edho velitele byly arm\u00e1dou v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 oblasti zrekv\u00edrov\u00e1ny (bez n\u00e1hrady) povozy i s\u00a0ko\u0148mi a civiln\u00edmi vozky. Arm\u00e1da jim zajistila nezbytnou stravu a krmen\u00ed, a tito ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00edci ji museli n\u00e1sledovat a pos\u00edlit jej\u00ed transportn\u00ed slu\u017ebu. Dekretem z\u00a015. fructidoru roku XIII (2. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1805) bylo takov\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edch departementech Francie zrekv\u00edrov\u00e1no na 3500 \u010dty\u0159sp\u0159e\u017en\u00edch povoz\u016f.<\/p>\n

Zp\u011bt na obsah.<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

[i]<\/a> Chl\u00e9b, suchary, \u010derstv\u00e9 i solen\u00e9 maso, r\u00fd\u017ee, su\u0161en\u00e1 zelenina, v\u00edno, voda a ocet.<\/p>\n

[ii]<\/a> Dal\u0161\u00edmi funkcemi v\u00a0brig\u00e1d\u011b byly: 1 vozataj (conducteur<\/em>), 1 fur\u00fdr (fourrier<\/em>), 2 p\u0159ed\u00e1ci (hauts-le-pied<\/em>), 1 sedl\u00e1\u0159 (bourrelier<\/em>), 1 kol\u00e1\u0159 (charron<\/em>), 1 podkon\u00ed (mar\u00e9chal<\/em>) a 27 vozk\u016f (charretiers<\/em>).<\/p>\n

[iii]<\/a> Brig\u00e1dy \u010d. 18, 19, 27 a 28 byly ur\u010deny pro Severn\u00ed arm\u00e1du (Arm\u00e9e du Nord<\/em>) v\u00a0Holandsku. Brig\u00e1dy \u010d. 15 se pozd\u011bji zmocnili Raku\u0161an\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Arm\u00e1dn\u00ed transportn\u00ed slu\u017ebu zaji\u0161\u0165ovaly v roce 1805, s v\u00fdjimkou p\u0159epravy d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu a munice, je\u017e byla dom\u00e9nou d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho tr\u00e9nu, st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b soukrom\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti \u2013 spole\u010dnost Breidt pro Velkou Arm\u00e1du a spole\u010dnost Gayde pro Italskou arm\u00e1du.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,6214],"tags":[6225,6226,5918,6224],"class_list":["post-15959","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-texty_bez_rubriky","tag-ekvipazni-tren","tag-logistika","tag-napoleonova-armada","tag-vojenske-vozatajstvo"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15959","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15959"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15959\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15964,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15959\/revisions\/15964"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15959"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15959"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15959"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}