{"id":15967,"date":"2020-01-24T13:35:05","date_gmt":"2020-01-24T11:35:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/?p=15967"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:32:45","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:32:45","slug":"napoleonova-armada-v-roce-1805-cetnictvo-a-vojenska-justice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/napoleonova-armada-v-roce-1805-cetnictvo-a-vojenska-justice\/","title":{"rendered":"Napoleonova arm\u00e1da v roce 1805: \u010cetnictvo a vojensk\u00e1 justice"},"content":{"rendered":"

XII. C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 \u010detnictvo<\/strong><\/h2>\n

V\u00fdnosem z\u00a012. thermidoru roku IX (31. \u010dervence 1801) byla stanovena organizace n\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u010detnictva (gendarmerie nationale<\/em>) od 26. brumairu roku XIII (17. listopadu 1804) naz\u00fdvan\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 \u010detnictvo (gendarmerie imp\u00e9riale<\/em>). Bylo pov\u011b\u0159eno slu\u017ebou jak na dom\u00e1c\u00edm teritoriu, tak rol\u00ed poln\u00edho \u010detnictva v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch ta\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>(Alfred de Marbot)<\/em><\/p>\n

Prvn\u00edm hlavn\u00edm inspektorem \u010detnictva (premier inspecteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la gendarmerie<\/em>) byl jmenov\u00e1n divizn\u00ed gener\u00e1l Bon-Adrien-Jannot de Moncey, od roku 1804 mar\u0161\u00e1l c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed. Dva brig\u00e1dn\u00ed gener\u00e1lov\u00e9 byli jmenov\u00e1ni hlavn\u00edmi inspektory (inspecteurs g\u00e9n\u00e9raux<\/em>). \u010cetnictvo bylo na podzim 1805 tvo\u0159eno 28 \u010detnick\u00fdmi legiemi (l\u00e9gion de gendarmerie<\/em>). Legie se skl\u00e1dala ze dvou eskadron, ka\u017ed\u00e1 eskadrona m\u011bla dv\u011b roty. Rota \u010detnictva byla p\u0159i\u0159azena ke ka\u017ed\u00e9mu departementu, vedle toho existovalo v\u00a0r\u00e1mci 2., 4., 7., 17. a 23. legie celkem \u0161est tzv. rot p\u0159\u00edstav\u016f a arzen\u00e1l\u016f (compagnies des portes et arsenaux<\/em>), je\u017e byly ur\u010deny k\u00a0ostraze velk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstav\u016f a n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch arzen\u00e1l\u016f. Ka\u017edou rotu tvo\u0159il ur\u010dit\u00fd po\u010det brig\u00e1d \u2013 j\u00edzdn\u00edch (brigades \u00e0 cheval<\/em>) i p\u011b\u0161\u00edch (brigades \u00e0 pied<\/em>), v\u00a0r\u00e1mci ka\u017ed\u00e9 brig\u00e1dy velel podd\u016fstojn\u00edk p\u011bti mu\u017e\u016fm, jeden \u010detn\u00edk byl deta\u0161ov\u00e1n na velitelstv\u00ed roty, kde byl vytvo\u0159en depot pro dan\u00fd departement. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 s\u00edla legie \u010dinila 600 mu\u017e\u016f, z\u00a0toho 400 j\u00edzdn\u00edch a 170 p\u011b\u0161\u00edch \u010detn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed inspektor \u010detnictva podl\u00e9hal ministrovi policie (ve v\u011bcech klidu ve st\u00e1t\u011b a bezpe\u010dnosti osob a majetku), ministru v\u00e1lky (ve v\u011bcech organizace a poln\u00ed slu\u017eby) a ministru spravedlnosti (v z\u00e1le\u017eitostech krimin\u00e1ln\u00ed policie). \u00dakoly \u010detnictva byly stanoveny z\u00e1konem z\u00a028. germinalu roku VI (17. dubna 1798). Byly rozd\u011bleny na tzv. b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 (ordinaires<\/em>) \u2013 tedy dlouhodob\u00e9 a ka\u017edodenn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159ily hlavn\u00ed n\u00e1pl\u0148 \u010dinnosti \u010detn\u00edka \u2013 a mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 (extraordinaires<\/em>) \u2013 \u010dasov\u011b omezen\u00e9 d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed \u00fakoly.<\/p>\n

Mezi \u00fakoly \u010detnictva na dom\u00e1c\u00edm teritoriu pat\u0159ilo zejm\u00e9na: prov\u00e1d\u011bt obch\u016fzky; sb\u00edrat informace o zlo\u010dinech a dal\u0161\u00edch proh\u0159e\u0161c\u00edch; p\u00e1trat po zlo\u010dinc\u00edch; chytit kohokoli, kdo by byl p\u0159isti\u017een p\u0159i prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed trestn\u00e9 \u010dinosti; chytat pytl\u00e1ky, ty, kdo na\u010derno sb\u00edraj\u00ed d\u0159evo, pa\u0161er\u00e1ky; silou rozehnat jak\u00e9koli ozbrojen\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed; rozehnat neozbrojen\u00e9, ale za nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pova\u017eovan\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed; chr\u00e1nit vnit\u0159n\u00ed obchod; b\u00fdt v\u00a0dosahu ve\u0161ker\u00fdch velk\u00fdch shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed jako jarmark\u016f a slavnost\u00ed; doprov\u00e1zet doru\u010dovatele soudn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f; doprov\u00e1zet v\u011bzn\u011b a odsouzence; chytat a zat\u00fdkat dezert\u00e9ry a voj\u00e1ky bez dokument\u016f; zat\u00fdkat voj\u00e1ky-opozdilce a ty, kte\u0159\u00ed se vzd\u00e1l\u00ed od cesty; udr\u017eovat po\u0159\u00e1dek na velk\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch.[i]<\/a><\/p>\n

Pro v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed tvo\u0159ilo c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 \u010detnictvo od\u0159ady zpravidla v\u00a0s\u00edle eskadrony, nebo roty na arm\u00e1dn\u00ed sbor.[ii]<\/a> Velitelem \u010detnictva arm\u00e1dy s\u00a0titulem profous (pr\u00e9v\u00f4t<\/em>) byl v\u011bt\u0161inou \u0161\u00e9f eskadrony, v\u00a0\u010dele \u010detnictva Velk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy st\u00e1l v\u00a0roce 1805 plukovn\u00edk \u010detnictva Jean Lauer.[iii]<\/a> Od\u0159ad \u010detnictva byl rozd\u011blen mezi hlavn\u00ed stan, hlavn\u00ed a divizn\u00ed \u0161t\u00e1by. \u00dakolem \u010detn\u00edk\u016f bylo dohl\u00ed\u017eet na po\u0159\u00e1dek a bezpe\u010dnost v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b, kde se \u0161t\u00e1b zdr\u017eoval; zaji\u0161\u0165ovat po\u0159\u00e1dek na pochodu i v\u00a0le\u017een\u00ed a ostrahu tr\u00e9nu; dohl\u00ed\u017eet na ve\u0161ker\u00e9 civiln\u00ed osoby doprov\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed arm\u00e1du; asistovat p\u0159i v\u00fdkonu vojensk\u00e9 spravedlnosti; atp. V\u00a0bitv\u011b byli \u010detn\u00edci rozm\u00edst\u011bni za liniemi a jejich \u00fakolem bylo zastavovat a vracet k\u00a0jednotk\u00e1m prchaj\u00edc\u00ed jednotlivce.<\/p>\n

\u010cetnick\u00fdm legi\u00edm byly administrativn\u011b pod\u0159\u00edzeny tzv. roty z\u00e1lohy departementu (compagnies de la r\u00e9serve du d\u00e9partement<\/em>)[iv]<\/a> \u2013 v r\u00e1mci ka\u017ed\u00e9ho ze 109 departement\u016f jedna p\u011b\u0161\u00ed rota (v departementu de la Seine dv\u011b) pod velen\u00edm kapit\u00e1na (v\u0161ichni d\u016fstojn\u00edci t\u011bchto rot byli ve v\u00fdslu\u017eb\u011b), kter\u00fd podl\u00e9hal prefektovi. V\u00fdzbroj byla placena st\u00e1tem, ostatn\u00ed n\u00e1klady hradil departement. Z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed roty byly rozd\u011bleny podle stavu do \u0161esti t\u0159\u00edd od 36 do 210 mu\u017e\u016f a vykon\u00e1valy str\u00e1\u017en\u00ed slu\u017ebu p\u0159i prefektur\u00e1ch, departement\u00e1ln\u00edch registratur\u00e1ch, v\u011bznic\u00edch, chudobinc\u00edch, prach\u00e1rn\u00e1ch, atp. Roty prvn\u00edch t\u0159\u00ed t\u0159\u00edd slou\u017eily tak\u00e9 jako ostraha radnic a m\u011bstsk\u00fdch registratur. Pefekti u\u017e\u00edvali roty tak\u00e9 ke st\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed odp\u00edra\u010d\u016f vojensk\u00e9 slu\u017eby a dezert\u00e9r\u016f, k\u00a0doprovodu odvedenc\u016f k\u00a0jednotk\u00e1m, k\u00a0doprovodu v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch zajatc\u016f, atd.<\/p>\n

XIII. Vojensk\u00e1 justice<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Z\u00e1kon z\u00a021. brumairu roku V (11. listopadu 1796) stanovoval v\u00fd\u010det vojensk\u00fdch delikt\u016f a p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch trest\u016f. V\u00fd\u010det byl vyti\u0161t\u011bn na posledn\u00edm listu vojensk\u00e9 kn\u00ed\u017eky ka\u017ed\u00e9ho voj\u00e1ka a podd\u016fstojn\u00edka a na dve\u0159\u00edch ubikac\u00ed v\u00a0kas\u00e1rn\u00e1ch. Arm\u00e1dn\u00ed soudn\u00ed instituce se d\u011blily na st\u00e1l\u00e9 a do\u010dasn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Mezi st\u00e1l\u00e9 pat\u0159ily tzv. st\u00e1l\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 rady (conseils de guerre permanents<\/em>), je\u017e byly ustaveny v\u00a0r\u00e1mci ka\u017ed\u00e9 divize (arm\u00e1dn\u00ed i vojensk\u00e9) a do jejich\u017e kompetence pat\u0159ilo souzen\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch delikt\u016f voj\u00e1k\u016f a civiln\u00edch osob p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00fdch k\u00a0arm\u00e1d\u011b; tzv. revizn\u00ed rady (conseils de r\u00e9vision<\/em>), co\u017e byly odvolac\u00ed instance pro rozsudky st\u00e1l\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch rad, zab\u00fdvaly se v\u0161ak pouze form\u00e1ln\u00ed str\u00e1nkou rozsudku; a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed krimin\u00e1ln\u00ed soudn\u00ed dvory (cours de justice criminelle sp\u00e9ciales<\/em>), co\u017e byly b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 krimin\u00e1ln\u00ed soudy, k\u00a0nim\u017e byli p\u0159i\u0159azeni t\u0159i d\u016fstojn\u00edci pro souzen\u00ed krimin\u00e1ln\u00edch delikt\u016f, jich\u017e se dopustili voj\u00e1ci.<\/p>\n

Do\u010dasn\u00fdmi institucemi byly tzv. zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 rady (conseils de guerre sp\u00e9ciaux<\/em>), je\u017e byly svol\u00e1v\u00e1ny vojensk\u00fdm velitelem (commandant d\u2019armes<\/em>) dan\u00e9ho m\u00edsta pro souzen\u00ed dezert\u00e9r\u016f a po vynesen\u00ed rozsudku byly rozpu\u0161t\u011bny; a tzv. zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 komise (comissions militaires sp\u00e9ciales<\/em>), je\u017e svol\u00e1val velitel arm\u00e1dy, nebo sboru pro souzen\u00ed \u0161pi\u00f3n\u016f, p\u0159eb\u011bhl\u00edk\u016f a jejich komplic\u016f \u2013 komise se roze\u0161la po vynesen\u00ed rozsudku, kter\u00fd byl proveden do 24 hodin bez mo\u017enosti odvol\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tresty byly velice pestr\u00e9. Vedle trestu smrti to byly: v\u011bzn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0\u017eelezech, v\u011bzn\u011bn\u00ed s\u00a0koul\u00ed na noze a v\u011bzen\u00ed v\u00a0d\u00e9lce n\u011bkolika let, pokuty v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161i i dlouhodob\u00e9 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce. Za men\u0161\u00ed p\u0159estupky byla ulo\u017eena vazba, trestnice o chlebu a vod\u011b, pr\u00e1ce nav\u00edc. S v\u00fdjimkou \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fdch jednotek, kde byl v\u00fdprask hol\u00ed do roku 1811 b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm trestem, byly t\u011blesn\u00e9 tresty ofici\u00e1ln\u011b zru\u0161eny na po\u010d\u00e1tku revoluce. Mezi voj\u00e1ky pak existovaly v\u0161emo\u017en\u00e9, d\u016fstojn\u00edky tolerovan\u00e9, rafinovan\u00e9 i m\u00e9n\u011b rafinovan\u00e9 tresty pro potrest\u00e1n\u00ed obecn\u011b nep\u0159ijateln\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed (drobn\u00e1 kr\u00e1de\u017e, \u0161patn\u011b uva\u0159en\u00e1 pol\u00e9vka, opozdilstv\u00ed p\u0159ed bitvou, atp.) \u2013 nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed byla savate<\/em>, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 nejzku\u0161en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed voj\u00e1ci roty stanovili provinilci po\u010det kopanc\u016f do oblasti h\u00fd\u017ed\u00ed. Takto vytrestan\u00fd voj\u00e1k se jen t\u011b\u017eko mohl do\u010dkat pov\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed, nebo p\u0159ijet\u00ed do elitn\u00ed roty.<\/p>\n

Vedle zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch trest\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b odsouzen\u00ed existovaly doprovodn\u00e9 sankce, o nich\u017e podle postaven\u00ed provinilce rozhodoval plukovn\u00edk, ministr v\u00e1lky, nebo c\u00edsa\u0159 osobn\u011b. Byly to degradace (d\u00e9gradation<\/em>, zbaven\u00ed hodnosti), disciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed retrogradace (r\u00e9trogadation disciplinaire<\/em>, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hodnostn\u00edho stupn\u011b kv\u016fli k\u00e1ze\u0148sk\u00e9mu p\u0159estupku) a propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (destitution<\/em>). Suspendov\u00e1n\u00ed (suspension<\/em>, zbaven\u00ed funkce) nebylo trestem, ale do\u010dasn\u00fdm opat\u0159en\u00edm prov\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako vazba (arrestation<\/em>). Podobn\u011b mohla b\u00fdt retrogradace jen d\u016fsledkem reorganizace, nikoli disciplin\u00e1rn\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00edm. V\u00a0C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 gard\u011b bylo b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm disciplin\u00e1rn\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00edm vr\u00e1cen\u00ed provinilce k\u00a0\u0159adov\u00e9 jednotce.<\/p>\n

Zp\u011bt na obsah.<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

[i]<\/a> Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd je tak\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nek 27: chytat a zat\u00fdkat ty, kte\u0159\u00ed n\u011bkomu rychlou j\u00edzdou na koni zp\u016fsob\u00ed zran\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

[ii]<\/a> Thi\u00e9bault, str. 460.<\/p>\n

[iii]<\/a> Velitel 25. legie s\u00a0velitelstv\u00edm v\u00a0Mohu\u010di.<\/p>\n

[iv]<\/a> Naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 tak\u00e9 jako z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed roty (compagnies de r\u00e9serve<\/em>), nebo departement\u00e1ln\u00ed roty (compagnies d\u00e9partementales<\/em>). Tyto roty vznikly na z\u00e1klad\u011b dekretu z\u00a024. flor\u00e9alu roku XIII (14. kv\u011btna 1805). Dopl\u0148ovaly se z\u00a0prefektem vybran\u00fdch odvedenc\u016f ur\u010den\u00fdch pro z\u00e1lohu (viz odd\u00edl XIV) a z\u00a0dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f \u2013 b\u00fdval\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed museli m\u00edt alespo\u0148 p\u011bt let slu\u017eby a b\u00fdt narozeni, nebo bydlet v\u00a0dan\u00e9m departementu. Pozd\u011bji byli vycvi\u010den\u00ed voj\u00e1ci t\u011bchto rot p\u0159evelov\u00e1ni k\u00a0pravideln\u00fdm jednotk\u00e1m a na jejich m\u00edsto nastupovali nov\u00e1\u010dci, nebo byly v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby cel\u00e9 roty do\u010dasn\u011b v\u010dlen\u011bny do ur\u010dit\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy (nap\u0159. p\u0159i vylod\u011bn\u00ed Angli\u010dan\u016f na ostrov\u011b Walcheren v\u00a0roce 1809).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u00fdnosem z 12. thermidoru roku IX (31. \u010dervence 1801) byla stanovena organizace n\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u010detnictva (gendarmerie nationale) od 26. brumairu roku XIII (17. listopadu 1804) naz\u00fdvan\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 \u010detnictvo (gendarmerie imp\u00e9riale). Z\u00e1kon z 21. brumairu roku V (11. listopadu 1796) stanovoval v\u00fd\u010det vojensk\u00fdch delikt\u016f a p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch trest\u016f. V\u00fd\u010det byl vyti\u0161t\u011bn na posledn\u00edm listu vojensk\u00e9 kn\u00ed\u017eky ka\u017ed\u00e9ho voj\u00e1ka a podd\u016fstojn\u00edka a na dve\u0159\u00edch ubikac\u00ed v kas\u00e1rn\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,6214],"tags":[6231,5918,6232],"class_list":["post-15967","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-texty_bez_rubriky","tag-cisarske-cetnictvo","tag-napoleonova-armada","tag-vojenska-justice"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15967","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15967"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15967\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16242,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15967\/revisions\/16242"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15967"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15967"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15967"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}