{"id":16129,"date":"2020-01-27T12:59:01","date_gmt":"2020-01-27T10:59:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/?p=16129"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:32:45","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:32:45","slug":"ostrostrelecky-regiment-95th-rifles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/ostrostrelecky-regiment-95th-rifles\/","title":{"rendered":"Ostrost\u0159eleck\u00fd regiment 95th Rifles"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed text je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u00favodu k p\u0159ekladu pam\u011bt\u00ed kapit\u00e1na 95. pluku Jonathana Leache. K vyd\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ipravuje nakladatelstv\u00ed Elka Press. P\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1me tak\u00e9 n\u00e1vrh ob\u00e1lky \u010desk\u00e9 verze Leachov\u00fdch pam\u011bt\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Jednotka vznikla na z\u00e1klad\u011b pot\u0159eby zm\u011bnit taktickou doktr\u00ednu uplat\u0148ovanou Brity b\u011bhem americk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky za nez\u00e1vislost. V\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu t\u011bchto boj\u016f dost\u00e1vala britsk\u00e1 \u0159adov\u00e1 p\u011bchota od jednotek americk\u00fdch harcovn\u00edk\u016f na frak. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou byla skute\u010dnost, \u017ee \u0159adov\u00e1 p\u011bchota nedok\u00e1zala na jejich \u00fatoky v\u010das reagovat. Dal\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m p\u0159edstavovala v\u00fdzbroj; britsk\u00e1 p\u011bchota byla vyzbrojena mu\u0161ketami s\u00a0hladk\u00fdm v\u00fdvrtem.[1]<\/a> Ty sice m\u011bly na svou dobu slu\u0161nou kadenci (a\u017e \u010dty\u0159i v\u00fdst\u0159ely za minutu), ale nebyly zrovna p\u0159esn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Na konci roku 1799 byl britsk\u00e9mu ministrovi v\u00e1lky p\u0159edlo\u017een n\u00e1vrh podplukovn\u00edka Williama Stewarta vytvo\u0159it sbor ostrost\u0159elc\u016f vyzbrojen\u00fdch pu\u0161kami s\u00a0vrtanou hlavn\u00ed, snad ovlivn\u011bn\u00fd tak\u00e9 jeho ned\u00e1vn\u00fdm pozorov\u00e1n\u00edm kampan\u011b rakousk\u00fdch myslivc\u016f v\u00a0It\u00e1lii.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0lednu 1800 zformovali plukovn\u00edk Coote Manningham a podplukovn\u00edk William Stewart st\u0159eleckou brig\u00e1du (The Prince Consort’s Own<\/em>); byl to p\u011b\u0161\u00ed st\u0159eleck\u00fd pluk britsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy vytvo\u0159en\u00fd jako \u201eexperiment\u00e1ln\u00ed sbor st\u0159elc\u016f\u201c, kter\u00fd tvo\u0159ili odst\u0159elova\u010di, pr\u016fzkumn\u00edci a harcovn\u00edci. Za den vzniku 95. pluku je potom pova\u017eov\u00e1n 25. srpen 1800. P\u016fvodn\u011b nesl ozna\u010den\u00ed Rifle Corps<\/em> (st\u0159eleck\u00fd sbor) a a\u017e 25. prosince 1802 obdr\u017eel \u010d\u00edslo 95. v po\u0159ad\u00ed \u0159adov\u00fdch pluk\u016f, pod kter\u00fdm se proslavil. Ofici\u00e1ln\u011b se n\u00e1zev pluku objevuje bu\u010f jako 95. (Rifle Corps<\/em>) nebo 95th<\/sup> Regiment of Foot<\/em> (Rifles<\/em>).<\/p>\n

V roce 1816, na konci napoleonsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek, byla jednotka roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena a znovu p\u0159ejmenov\u00e1na, tentokr\u00e1t na \u201est\u0159eleckou brig\u00e1du\u201c (The Rifle Brigade<\/em>).<\/p>\n

95. pluk (Rifles<\/em>) byl vystrojen\u00fd \u201ezelen\u00fdmi kazajkami a \u010dern\u00fdm \u0159emen\u00edm\u201c (Green Jackets, Black Belts<\/em>), na rozd\u00edl od \u010derven\u00fdch uniforem a b\u00edl\u00e9ho \u0159emen\u00ed \u0159adov\u00e9 p\u011bchoty (Red Jackets and White Belts<\/em>). Voj\u00e1ci ostatn\u00edch jednotek na n\u011bj pohl\u00ed\u017eeli jako na jakousi zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost.<\/p>\n

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Ostrost\u0159elci 60. a 95. pluku <\/em><\/strong>Rifles b\u011bhem poloostrovn\u00ed v\u00e1lky, C. Hamilton Smith, (1776\u20131859).<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci tohoto ostrost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho pluku nebyli naz\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed voj\u00edny, ka\u017ed\u00fd mu\u017e \u2013 od vel\u00edc\u00edho plukovn\u00edka cel\u00e9 jednotky a\u017e po nejposledn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho rekruta \u2013 byl naz\u00fdv\u00e1n \u201est\u0159elec\u201c (Rifleman<\/em>). \u00dakolem\u00a0riflemana\u00a0<\/em>bylo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm likvidovat nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 d\u016fstojn\u00edky, podd\u016fstojn\u00edky a p\u016fsobit ztr\u00e1ty mimo dosah nep\u0159\u00edtelov\u00fdch zbran\u00ed. V\u00a0jednotce neexistovaly t\u011blesn\u00e9 tresty a bi\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u00a0britsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b jinak obvykl\u00e9, utu\u017eoval se esprit de corps<\/em>, podporovala iniciativa a vychov\u00e1valo se k\u00a0samostatnosti.<\/p>\n

St\u0159eleck\u00fd v\u00fdcvik prob\u00edhal na ter\u010d velikosti mu\u017ee na 50 yard\u016f, pak vzd\u00e1lenost rostla, st\u0159\u00edlelo se ve stoje, v\u00a0kle\u010de i vle\u017ee na pohybliv\u00e9 c\u00edle, nacvi\u010doval se p\u0159esun b\u011bhem i p\u0159\u00edskoky a postup i palba ve t\u0159ech druz\u00edch r\u016fzn\u011b rozev\u0159en\u00fdch rojnic v\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00ed jednotce, j\u00ed\u017e byl\u00a0half-platoon<\/em>, p\u016fl \u010dety (\u010di \u010desky dru\u017estvo). Z\u00e1klad pro ofenzivn\u00ed i defenzivn\u00ed boj tvo\u0159ily dvojice, kter\u00e9 se kryly navz\u00e1jem; jeden mu\u017e vzadu nab\u00edjel, pak k\u0159ikl\u00a0ready<\/em>, p\u0159ipraven, a teprve tehdy mohl ten vp\u0159edu p\u00e1lit. Oby\u010dejn\u00fd voj\u00e1k tu m\u011bl nad\u011bji na postup a z\u00a0t\u011bch nejlep\u0161\u00edch se st\u00e1vali\u00a0Chosen Men<\/em>, vyvolen\u00ed mu\u017ei, kte\u0159\u00ed byli schopni zastoupit i vy\u0159azen\u00e9 podd\u016fstojn\u00edky.<\/p>\n

Ostrost\u0159elci byli vyzbrojeni k\u0159esadlovou pu\u0161kou Baker Rifle<\/em> a prod\u011bl\u00e1vali speci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdcvik. Jednotky t\u011bchto z\u00e1rode\u010dn\u00fdch \u201eGreen Jackets<\/em>\u201c se staly v\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch letech b\u011bhem ta\u017een\u00ed na Pyrenejsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b a v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch ta\u017een\u00edch proti Napoleonovi d\u016fle\u017eitou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Wellingtonovy taktiky.<\/p>\n

Za \u00a0\u201eotce zakladatele\u201c v\u0161ech ostrost\u0159eleck\u00fdch pluk\u016f b\u00fdv\u00e1 tak\u00e9 pova\u017eov\u00e1n sir John Moore. Ten p\u0159i\u0161el s\u00a0my\u0161lenkou pou\u017e\u00edt voj\u00e1ky vybran\u00e9 z\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch pluk\u016f (a dobrovoln\u00edky), kte\u0159\u00ed projevili na boji\u0161ti a v\u00a0t\u00e1bo\u0159i\u0161t\u00edch iniciativu. M\u011bli b\u00fdt schopni uva\u017eovat nez\u00e1visle (na rozd\u00edl od sv\u00fdch prot\u011bj\u0161k\u016f, \u010dervenokab\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f) a krit\u00e9riem v\u00fdb\u011bru bylo tak\u00e9 to, \u017ee byli vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed st\u0159elci. Sir Moore byl za\u0159azen do slu\u017eby ji\u017e v\u00a0b\u0159eznu 1776, tedy v pouh\u00fdch \u010dtrn\u00e1cti letech (nastoupil k\u00a051. p\u011b\u0161\u00edmu pluku, pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu Kings Own Yorkshire Light Infantry<\/em>). V\u00a0roce 1790 u\u017e velel vlastn\u00edmu pluku. V\u00a0roce 1803 byl postaven do \u010dela Lehk\u00e9 brig\u00e1dy v\u00a0t\u00e1bo\u0159e v\u00a0Shorncliffu v\u00a0jihoanglick\u00e9m hrabstv\u00ed Kent. V\u00a0to dob\u011b se pluky 42nd\/53rd Osfordshire<\/em> a Buckinghamshire Light Infantry<\/em> staly \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed prvn\u00edho sboru lehk\u00e9 p\u011bchoty (Corps of Light Infantry<\/em>) a p\u0159ipojily se k\u00a095th<\/sup> Rifles<\/em>, aby se staly ve Shorncliffu sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Lehk\u00e9 brig\u00e1dy.<\/p>\n

Jakmile se sir John Moore zabydlel ve Shorncliffu, za\u010dal uv\u00e1d\u011bt do praxe svoje p\u0159edstavy o v\u00fdcviku 95. pluku v\u00a0nov\u00e9 taktice. Nepru\u017en\u00fd dril a taktiku \u0159adov\u00fdch \u010dervenokab\u00e1tnick\u00fdch pluk\u016f vyst\u0159\u00eddalo man\u00e9vrov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0otev\u0159en\u00e9 sestav\u011b s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm ter\u00e9nu; pozd\u011bji bylo p\u0159ej\u00edm\u00e1no celou arm\u00e1dou. Mooreovy nov\u00e9 my\u0161lenky zahrnovaly i vyu\u017eit\u00ed kamufl\u00e1\u017ee (zelen\u00e9 kazajky a \u010dern\u00e9 \u0159emen\u00ed) a kryt\u00ed v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu. D\u016fstojn\u00edci nosili kolem pasu rudou \u0161erpu a jejich v\u00fdzbroj dopl\u0148ovala \u0161avle (v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159edpisov\u00fd vzor 1803) a ob\u010das jedna \u010di dv\u011b pistole, na z\u00e1klad\u011b osobn\u00edch preferenc\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f 95. pluku byla na sv\u00e1 m\u00edsta u pluku za\u0159azena anebo pov\u00fd\u0161ena na z\u00e1klad\u011b z\u00e1sluh nebo slu\u017eebn\u00edho st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. Ostrost\u0159elci byli tud\u00ed\u017e pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za elitn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed voj\u00e1ky, ne\u017e byli \u010dervenokab\u00e1tnic\u00ed. Zelen\u00e1 uniforma mohla n\u011bkdy p\u0159edstavovat nev\u00fdhodu, brit\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci\u00a0 byli zvykl\u00ed na \u010derven\u00e9 kab\u00e1tce a tak se ob\u010das st\u00e1valo, \u017ee sv\u00e9 spolubojovn\u00edky v\u00a0zelen\u00e9m omylem pova\u017eovali za Francouze a st\u0159\u00edleli na n\u011b.<\/p>\n

Vyvolen\u00ed mu\u017ei 95th<\/sup> Rifles<\/em> byli vyzbrojeni pu\u0161kou Baker Rifle<\/em> \u2013 na kterou ne\u0161lo p\u0159ipevnit standardn\u00ed bod\u00e1k britsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy, nebo\u0165 hlave\u0148 m\u011bla odli\u0161n\u00fd rozm\u011br. Proto dostal ka\u017ed\u00fd mu\u017e od st\u0159elce a\u017e po d\u016fstojn\u00edka pobo\u010dn\u00ed zbra\u0148 s\u00a0\u0161avlov\u00fdm j\u00edlcem a kr\u00e1tkou rovnou \u010depel\u00ed (sword<\/em>), kter\u00e1 se dala na pu\u0161ku p\u0159ipevnit jako no\u017eov\u00fd bod\u00e1k. Sir John Moore rovn\u011b\u017e cht\u011bl, aby ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk sboru c\u00edtil soun\u00e1le\u017eitost se sv\u00fdmi nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdmi a byl hrd\u00fd na p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nost ke sboru, tak\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd mu\u017e od nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho velitele a\u017e po posledn\u00edho rekruta, pokud byl t\u00e1z\u00e1n co je za\u010d, hrd\u011b odpov\u00eddal \u201eRifleman<\/em>\u201c.<\/p>\n

Ostrost\u0159elci, kter\u00fdm Francouzi p\u0159ezd\u00edvali kv\u016fli uniform\u00e1m \u201ekobylky lu\u010dn\u00ed\u201c, slou\u017eili b\u011bhem napoleonsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek, v letech 1799\u20131815. Byli cvi\u010deni pro boj v uvoln\u011bn\u00e9 formaci, a byli vedeni k\u00a0tomu, aby jednali samostatn\u011b. M\u011bli operovat ve dvojic\u00edch p\u0159ed hlavn\u00edm t\u011blesem p\u011bchoty jako harcovn\u00edci. U\u010dili se vyu\u017e\u00edvat co nejl\u00e9pe p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch \u00fakryt\u016f a znepokojovat nep\u0159\u00edtele m\u00ed\u0159enou palbou. Tato taktika platila ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u00a0Evrop\u011b za neortodoxn\u00ed. Aby ostrost\u0159elci zlep\u0161ili rychlost a pohyblivost, pou\u017e\u00edvali k\u00a0p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1l\u016f polnice (na rozd\u00edl od bubn\u016f lehk\u00e9 p\u011bchoty) a ze stejn\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu nenosili z\u00e1stavy. V\u0161ichni p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci Rifles<\/em> byli vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed st\u0159elci, tak\u017ee a\u010dkoliv vyp\u00e1lili jenom dv\u011b r\u00e1ny za minutu, ka\u017ed\u00e1 jejich st\u0159ela zabila bu\u010f nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9ho podd\u016fstojn\u00edka, nebo d\u016fstojn\u00edka.<\/p>\n

Light Brigade<\/em> m\u00edsto aby pochodovala tempem 120 krok\u016f za minutu, pochodovala tempem 140 krok\u016f, nepraktikovala pomal\u00fd pochod a v\u011bt\u0161ina p\u0159esun\u016f se prov\u00e1d\u011bla poklusem. Jejich v\u00fdcvik v\u017edy za\u010d\u00ednal a kon\u010dil na povel \u201epohov\u201c.<\/p>\n

Velitel\u00e9 ostrost\u0159eleck\u00fdch jednotek nikdy nepou\u017e\u00edvali povel \u201epozor!\u201c. Povely byly n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: pokud jednotka m\u011bla pochodovat z\u00a0jednoho m\u00edsta na druh\u00e9, vytvo\u0159ila tvar trojstupu a to na povel \u201eroto, p\u0159ipravit se!\u201c (stand ready<\/em>), anebo \u201e\u010deto\u201c, \u201eprapore\u201c \u2013 podle toho, kter\u00e1 jednotka se m\u011bla d\u00e1t na pochod. Potom n\u00e1sledoval povel \u201evlevo\/vpravo to\u010div\u011b pochodem vchod\u201c a kdy\u017e se m\u011bl \u00fatvar zastavit, n\u00e1sledoval povel \u201evlevo\/vpravo to\u010div\u011b zastavit st\u00e1t!\u201c Nato jednotka zato\u010dila udan\u00fdm sm\u011br, zastavila se a st\u00e1la v\u00a0pohovu. Pu\u0161ky se nosily bu\u010f na rameni, anebo nej\u010dast\u011bji v\u00a0ponosu. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem byli ostrost\u0159elci v\u017edy okam\u017eit\u011b p\u0159ipraveni k\u00a0boji. Pokud pochodovali v\u00a0r\u00e1mci bojov\u00fdch operac\u00ed, st\u0159\u00eddali 6 krok\u016f ch\u016fze s\u00a06 kroky poklusu, 6 krok\u016f ch\u016fze, 6 krok\u016f poklusem a tak d\u00e1le. 95th<\/sup> Rifles<\/em> tak\u00e9 nem\u011bl \u017e\u00e1dnou z\u00e1stavu, co\u017e je p\u0159\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e9 pro ostrost\u0159eleck\u00e9 pluky britsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy dodnes.<\/p>\n

Britsk\u00fd 95. ostrost\u0159eleck\u00fd pluk byl jedn\u00edm ze dvou ostrost\u0159eleck\u00fdch pluk\u016f, kter\u00e9 bojovaly v napoleonsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch; druh\u00fdm byl star\u0161\u00ed 60. (Royal American) Regiment of Foot<\/em>. P\u0159ipome\u0148me, \u017ee v popul\u00e1rn\u00edch Cornwellov\u00fdch rom\u00e1nech o poru\u010d\u00edkovi (pozd\u011bji majorovi) Sharpeovi slou\u017e\u00ed Richard Sharpe v 95. pluku a jeho kolega William Frederickson v 60. pluku.<\/p>\n

95. ostrost\u0159eleck\u00fd pluk se b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky na Pyrenejsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b proslavil v\u00a0mnoha boj\u00edch a obdr\u017eel \u010destn\u00e9 insignie (battle honors<\/em>) za sv\u00e9 v\u00fdkony v\u00a0bitv\u00e1ch u Ciudad Rodriga, Salamanky, Vittorie, Toulouse, u Waterloo a v\u00a0mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tyto boje l\u00ed\u010d\u00ed na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch kapit\u00e1n Leach.<\/p>\n

Proslulou zbran\u00ed ostrost\u0159elc\u016f obou pluk\u016f byla pu\u0161ka Baker Rifle<\/em> (ofici\u00e1ln\u011b ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 jako pu\u0161ka p\u011bchoty). Jednalo se o k\u0159esadlovou pu\u0161ku pou\u017e\u00edvanou st\u0159eleck\u00fdmi pluky britsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy b\u011bhem napoleonsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek. Byla to prvn\u00ed standardn\u00ed pu\u0161ka britsk\u00e9 v\u00fdroby zaveden\u00e1 v\u00a0britsk\u00fdch arm\u00e1dn\u00edch sil\u00e1ch. Tuto pu\u0161ku poprv\u00e9 vyrobil v\u00a0roce 1800 Ezekiel Baker, mistr pu\u0161ka\u0159 z\u00a0Whitechapelu. Britsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da tuto p\u011bchotn\u00ed pu\u0161ku pou\u017e\u00edvala je\u0161t\u011b ve 30. letech 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u016fvodn\u00ed konstrukci pu\u0161ky Baker ovlivnil plukovn\u00edk Coote Manningham. Ezekiel Baker dostal jako vzor toho, co je pot\u0159eba zkonstruovat, n\u011bmeckou mysliveckou pu\u0161ku. Druh\u00fd model, kter\u00fd vyrobil, m\u011bl r\u00e1\u017e\u00ed .75, tedy stejnou r\u00e1\u017ei jako p\u011bchotn\u00ed mu\u0161keta. Hlave\u0148 byla dlouh\u00e1 82 cm a m\u011bla osm pravo\u00fahl\u00fdch dr\u00e1\u017eek. Tento model byl p\u0159ijat jako pu\u0161ka p\u011bchoty, ale ne\u017e byl nakonec zaveden do v\u00fdroby, prod\u011blal je\u0161t\u011b \u0159adu zm\u011bn. T\u0159et\u00ed a kone\u010dn\u00fd model m\u011bl hlave\u0148 zkr\u00e1cenou z 82 na 76 cm. R\u00e1\u017ee byla zredukov\u00e1na na .653, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148ovalo st\u0159\u00edlet kulemi pro karabinu. Kuli m\u011bla v\u00a0hlavni (nyn\u00ed o sedmi dr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch) ut\u011bsnit nama\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 ucp\u00e1vka. Pu\u0161ka m\u011bla jednoduch\u00fd sklopn\u00fd hled\u00e1\u010dek a standardn\u00ed velk\u00fd z\u00e1mek s\u00a0kohoutem ve tvaru \u201elabut\u00edho krku\u201c, stejn\u011b jako tomu bylo u mu\u0161kety Brown Bess<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Podobn\u011b jako u n\u011bmeck\u00e9 mysliveck\u00e9 pu\u0161ky m\u011bla pu\u0161ka Baker volutov\u00fd (spir\u00e1lov\u00fd) mosazn\u00fd lu\u010d\u00edk za \u00fa\u010delem pevn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho \u00fachopu a vystouplou op\u011brku tv\u00e1\u0159e na lev\u00e9 stran\u011b pa\u017eby. Stejn\u011b jako jin\u00e9 pu\u0161ky m\u011bla v\u00a0pa\u017eb\u011b schr\u00e1nku na n\u00e1stroje a nama\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 pl\u00e1t\u011bn\u00e9 ucp\u00e1vky . V\u00ed\u010dko schr\u00e1nky bylo mosazn\u00e9 a m\u011blo vzadu pant, aby se dalo odklopit.<\/p>\n

Pa\u017eby se vyr\u00e1b\u011bly z\u00a0o\u0159echov\u00e9ho d\u0159eva a hlave\u0148 dr\u017eely v\u00a0pa\u017eb\u011b t\u0159i ploch\u00e9 kl\u00edny. Hlave\u0148 m\u011bla tak\u00e9 kovovou li\u0161tu, na kterou se nasazoval 76centimetrov\u00fd \u0161avlov\u00fd bod\u00e1k, podobn\u00fd tomu u mysliveck\u00e9 pu\u0161ky. Pu\u0161ka Baker m\u011b\u0159ila od hlavn\u011b a\u017e po botku 116 cm, byla tedy o 31 cm krat\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u011bchotn\u00ed mu\u0161keta a v\u00e1\u017eila t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 4 kg. D\u00e9lka hlavn\u011b byla 76 cm, s\u00a0nasazen\u00fdm bod\u00e1kem \u010dinila celkov\u00e1 del\u00e9ka 153 cm. Pu\u0161ka byla p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a m\u011bla v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed dost\u0159el ne\u017e b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 p\u011bchotn\u00ed mu\u0161keta (efektivn\u00ed dost\u0159el 140 metr\u016f, maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed 275 metr\u016f), ale d\u00e9le se nab\u00edjela. St\u0159eln\u00fd prach, kter\u00fd z\u016fst\u00e1val v\u00a0dr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch v\u00fdvrtu, nab\u00edjen\u00ed zpomaloval a ovliv\u0148oval p\u0159esnost st\u0159elby, proto byla v\u00a0pa\u017ebov\u00e9 schr\u00e1nce pu\u0161ky ulo\u017eena tak\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edc\u00ed souprava. V\u00a0letech 1800 a\u017e 1838 bylo \u00fadajn\u011b vyrobeno r\u016fzn\u00fdch variant Baker Rifle<\/em> v\u00edc jak 22\u00a0000 kus\u016f.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Ostrost\u0159elci (1813) na kresb\u011b Richarda Kn\u00f6tla (1857\u20131914). Vlevo d\u016fstojn\u00edk 95. pluku, uprost\u0159ed ostrost\u0159elec 95. pluku a vpravo ostrost\u0159elec 60. pluku. St\u0159elci nosili zelen\u00e9 kazajky do pasu s\u00a0\u010dern\u00fdmi, b\u00edle lemovan\u00fdmi kolety, ruby \u0161\u016fsk\u016f a man\u017eetami, jedno\u0159ad\u00fdm zap\u00edn\u00e1n\u00edm a knofl\u00edky z\u00a0b\u00edl\u00e9ho kovu, kter\u00fdch byly t\u0159i \u0159ady, jedna funk\u010dn\u00ed vprost\u0159ed a dv\u011b okrasn\u00e9 po stran\u00e1ch. K\u00a0tomu pat\u0159ily p\u0159il\u00e9hav\u00e9 uhersk\u00e9 zelen\u00e9, modr\u00e9, nebo voln\u00e9 \u0161ed\u00e9 kalhoty a na hlavu lakovan\u00e9 \u010dern\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ko p\u0159ezd\u00edvan\u00e9 pro sv\u016fj tvar <\/em>stovepipe, roura od kamen. M\u011blo obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00fd \u0161t\u00edtek a zelenou \u0161t\u011bti\u010dku nad sponou ve tvaru stylizovan\u00e9ho kv\u011btu, od n\u011bho\u017e se vinuly dokola \u010d\u00e1ka prov\u011b\u0161en\u00e9 zelen\u00e9 \u0161\u0148\u016fry. Vp\u0159edu je zdobil lesn\u00ed roh z\u00a0b\u00edl\u00e9ho kovu.<\/em><\/p>\n

Osobn\u00ed v\u00fdstroj ostrost\u0159elc\u016f se li\u0161ila od v\u00fdstroje \u0159adov\u00e9 p\u011bchoty i v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch ohledech. Na jedin\u00e9m n\u00e1ramenn\u00edm \u0159emenu byla zav\u011b\u0161ena sumka obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed ru\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 pap\u00edrov\u00e9 n\u00e1boje, kter\u00e9 se u\u017e\u00edvaly, kdy\u017e b\u011bhem urputn\u00e9ho boje nebyl \u010das nab\u00edt odd\u011blenou kuli a prach. Kdy\u017e to podm\u00ednky dovolovaly, praktikovala se p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed metoda nab\u00edjen\u00ed. Ostrost\u0159elci nosili z\u00e1sobu jednotliv\u00fdch kul\u00ed a ucp\u00e1vek jak v\u00a0pa\u017ebov\u00e9 schr\u00e1nce, tak v mal\u00e9 sumce na opasku. Nosili tak\u00e9 na \u0161\u0148\u016f\u0159e zav\u011b\u0161enou rohovinovou nebo m\u011bd\u011bnou prachovnici.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdcvik ve st\u0159elb\u011b z\u00a0Baker Rifles <\/em>na ter\u010d upravoval speci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159edpis vydan\u00fd v\u00a0roce 1803 v\u00a0Lond\u00fdn\u011b. Mimo jin\u00e9 se v\u00a0n\u011bm prav\u00ed:<\/p>\n

Nab\u00edjen\u00ed pomoc\u00ed patrony je druho\u0159ad\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitost. Rekrut bude p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm st\u00e1le cvi\u010dit, mimo ostatn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed exec\u00edrky, st\u0159elbu na c\u00edl.\u00a0P\u0159i st\u0159elb\u011b na c\u00edl bude za\u0159\u00edzeno, \u017ee ter\u010d bude m\u00edt 5 stop v pr\u016fm\u011bru; proto\u017ee kdyby\u00a0byl men\u0161\u00ed, nezku\u0161en\u00fd rekrut by ho nezasahoval tak \u010dasto, jak by rostlo jeho zoufalstv\u00ed ve snaze ho zas\u00e1hnout; to aby se \u010dlov\u011bk stal odborn\u00edkem, <\/em>je t\u0159eba, aby na\u0161el v tomto v\u00fdcviku povzbuzen\u00ed \u010di dokonce uspokojen\u00ed<\/em>. Dal\u0161\u00ed nev\u00fdhodou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mal\u00e9ho ter\u010de by bylo, \u017ee by se st\u0159elec nemohl sezn\u00e1mit s vlastnostmi sv\u00e9 pu\u0161ky, a nemohl by ani zjistit, zda st\u0159\u00edl\u00ed moc vpravo \u010di vlevo; oproti tomu ter\u010d spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 velikosti a s namalovan\u00fdmi soust\u0159edn\u00fdmi kruhy bude snadno zasa\u017eiteln\u00fd a st\u0159elec uvid\u00ed chybu, kterou ud\u011blal, a nau\u010d\u00ed se j\u00ed opravit. Rekrut se mus\u00ed nejprve nau\u010dit st\u0159\u00edlet na c\u00edl bez opory, proto\u017ee pokud by si uvykl od za\u010d\u00e1tku st\u0159\u00edlet s oporou, nebude schopen st\u0159\u00edlet na jistotu bez n\u00ed, a a\u010dkoli se na prvn\u00ed pohled m\u016f\u017ee tento zp\u016fsob st\u0159elby zd\u00e1t obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd, pravideln\u00fdm cvi\u010den\u00edm bude shled\u00e1n snadn\u00fdm.[2]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Specifickou formou st\u0159elby byla st\u0159elba vle\u017ee na z\u00e1dech, kdy si st\u0159elec op\u00edral pu\u0161ku o l\u00fdtko nohy.\u00a0 Z\u00a0t\u00e9to pozice \u00fadajn\u011b zast\u0159elil Thomas Plunket, jeden z\u00a0nejpozoruhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f 95. pluku, francouzsk\u00e9ho gener\u00e1la jezdectva Augusta de Colbert. M\u011blo se tak st\u00e1t u Cacabellos, b\u011bhem \u00fastupu ke Coruni. Ud\u00e1lost je p\u0159edm\u011btem \u0159ady historek, jedna z\u00a0nich dokonce tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee Plunket dostal p\u0159\u00edslib finan\u010dn\u00ed odm\u011bny, pokud francouzsk\u00e9ho d\u016fstojn\u00edka zast\u0159el\u00ed!<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Thomas Plunket m\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed na francouzsk\u00e9ho gener\u00e1la.<\/em><\/p>\n

95. pluk ostrost\u0159elc\u016f se v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch podob\u00e1ch, pod r\u016fzn\u00fdm ozna\u010den\u00edm a v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00e9 s\u00edle, v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na tom, do jak\u00fdch formac\u00ed byl za\u010dlen\u011bn, udr\u017eel a\u017e do druh\u00e9 poloviny 20. stolet\u00ed. Do pov\u011bdom\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti jej uvedl a proslavil sv\u00fdmi rom\u00e1ny ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd Bernard Cornwell a k\u00a0je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed popularit\u011b potom p\u0159isp\u011bl televizn\u00ed seri\u00e1l Sharpe<\/em> (v hlavn\u00ed roli\u00a0Sean Bean).<\/p>\n

Leonid K\u0159\u00ed\u017eek<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/a> Na kontinent\u011b je pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed mu\u0161keta pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no od 16. stolet\u00ed pro t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 pu\u0161ky s\u00a0doutn\u00e1kov\u00fdm z\u00e1mkem. V\u00a0angli\u010dtin\u011b znamen\u00e1 slovo musket<\/em> krom\u011b toho p\u0159edovku s\u00a0k\u0159esadlov\u00fdm z\u00e1mkem a hladkou hlavn\u00ed, pou\u017e\u00edvanou je\u0161t\u011b v\u00a019. stolet\u00ed. Abychom nemuseli anglick\u00e9 musket<\/em> opisovat dlouh\u00fdm souslov\u00edm, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1me u p\u0159ekladu \u201emu\u0161keta\u201c. Pod pojmem pu\u0161ka (rifle<\/em>) se potom v\u00a0t\u00e9to konotaci rozum\u00ed paln\u00e1 zbra\u0148 s dr\u00e1\u017ekovanou hlavn\u00ed. (Pozn. p\u0159ekl.)<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Regulations for the exercise of riflemen and light infantry; and instructions for their conduct in the field<\/em>, London 1803.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed text je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u00favodu k p\u0159ekladu pam\u011bt\u00ed kapit\u00e1na 95. pluku Jonathana Leache. K vyd\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ipravuje nakladatelstv\u00ed Elka Press. P\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1me tak\u00e9 n\u00e1vrh ob\u00e1lky \u010desk\u00e9 verze Leachov\u00fdch pam\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":16133,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,1,28],"tags":[6244,6206,5932,6245],"class_list":["post-16129","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-aktuality","category-recenze-a-anotace","tag-95th-rifles","tag-elka-press","tag-jiri-kovarik","tag-jonathan-leach"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16129","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16129"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16129\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16136,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16129\/revisions\/16136"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16133"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16129"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16129"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16129"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}