{"id":16191,"date":"2020-02-09T12:21:11","date_gmt":"2020-02-09T10:21:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/?p=16191"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:32:45","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:32:45","slug":"ruska-armada-1805-iii-armada-ruskeho-cara-od-a-do-z-pechota","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/ruska-armada-1805-iii-armada-ruskeho-cara-od-a-do-z-pechota\/","title":{"rendered":"Rusk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da 1805 &#8211; III. Arm\u00e1da rusk\u00e9ho cara od A do Z (p\u011bchota)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Karel Kl\u00e1til: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/ruska-armada-v-bitve-u-austerlitzu-v-roce-1805\/\">Rusk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da v bitv\u011b u Austerlitzu v roce 1805<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">III.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Arm\u00e1da rusk\u00e9ho cara od A do Z<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">V\u00a0t\u00e9to kapitole by mn\u011bl \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 obdr\u017eet dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed informace o rusk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b roku 1805, jak byla organizov\u00e1na, cvi\u010dena, vystrojena a vyzbrojena, v\u00a0neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b tak\u00e9 trochu o jej\u00ed dislokaci. Stane se tak stru\u010dn\u00fdm popisem jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f vojsk, jak byla v\u00a0rusk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b ustanovena. Autor douf\u00e1, \u017ee se mu kone\u010dn\u011b poda\u0159\u00ed pon\u011bkud naru\u0161it hr\u00e1z z\u00a0tvrzen\u00ed o tom, \u017ee rusk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da byla m\u00e1lo vycvi\u010den\u00e1 a tedy neschopn\u00e1 boje s\u00a0arm\u00e1dou francouzsk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159e.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Nov\u00e1 protifrancouzsk\u00e1 koalice a s\u00a0n\u00ed i nutnost vojensk\u00fdch akc\u00ed nemohla p\u0159ij\u00edt pro rusk\u00e1 vojska v\u00a0nevhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dobu. Hned po sv\u00e9m n\u00e1stupu na tr\u016fn, v\u00a0roce 1801, na\u0159\u00eddil car Alexandr zah\u00e1jen\u00ed reformy cel\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy. Bylo j\u00ed nanejv\u00fd\u0161 pot\u0159eba \u2013 z\u00e1sahy jeho proprusky orientovan\u00e9ho otce (Pavla I.) dostaly zejm\u00e9na p\u011bchotu o dobr\u00fdch t\u0159icet let zp\u011bt. V\u00a0roce 1802 byla proto panovn\u00edkem ustavena komise pro proveden\u00ed arm\u00e1dn\u00ed reformy ( <em>jedn\u00edm z\u00a0jej\u00edch \u010dlen\u016f byl i gener\u00e1l p\u011bchoty M. I. Goleni\u0161\u010dev-Kutuzov<\/em>). O rok pozd\u011bji byla s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpravou hotova a bylo tedy mo\u017eno zah\u00e1jit napl\u00e1novan\u00e9 zm\u011bny. Do roku 1805 se v\u0161ak\u00a0 povedlo zcela dokon\u010dit pouze jednu zm\u011bnu \u2013 zm\u011bnu stejnokroje (<em>jej\u00edm velk\u00fdm propag\u00e1torem a vlastn\u011b i autorem nov\u00fdch stejnokroj\u016f byl s\u00e1m panovn\u00edk \u2013 pozn. autora<\/em>). Arm\u00e1da tedy d\u00e1le cvi\u010dila a bojovala podle Pavlova Poln\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du 1797 (<em>tento plagi\u00e1t p\u0159edpisu pro arm\u00e1du friedrichovsk\u00e9ho Pruska platil ofici\u00e1ln\u011b a\u017e do roku 1816 \u2013 neofici\u00e1ln\u011b se podle n\u011bj na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed nebojovalo u\u017e od roku 1806<\/em>). Nekonformn\u00ed n\u00e1zory mar\u0161\u00e1la Suvorova (<em>ale tak\u00e9 kn\u00ed\u017eete Pot\u011bmkina<\/em>) v\u0161ak zapustily ko\u0159eny v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch mlad\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edc\u00edch vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho velitelsk\u00e9ho sboru a ti je p\u0159ed\u00e1vali d\u00e1le.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Rusk\u00e9 pluky u Slavkova v\u00a0\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nebyly sme\u010dkou nezku\u0161en\u00fdch zaj\u00edc\u016f. Krom dvou nov\u011b postaven\u00fdch p\u011b\u0161\u00edch pluk\u016f pro\u0161ly v\u0161echny \u0161kolou nikdy nekon\u010d\u00edc\u00edch boj\u016f s\u00a0Turky na ji\u017en\u00edch hranic\u00edch \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. A zde vid\u00ed autor <em>probl\u00e9m \u010d\u00edslo jedna<\/em> \u2013 je nutno si uv\u011bdomit \u017ee, \u00a0do zah\u00e1jen\u00ed protifrancouzsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek, s \u201eevropsk\u00fdm\u201c nep\u0159\u00edtelem bojovali Rusov\u00e9 naposled v\u00a0roce 1763, od t\u00e9 doby se jejich taktika p\u0159izp\u016fsobovala boji s\u00a0poloorganizovanou arm\u00e1dou Osmansk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. S\u00a0n\u00ed byly bitvy o n\u011b\u010dem jin\u00e9m \u2013 dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed pevnost\u00ed, odr\u00e1\u017een\u00ed \u00fatok\u016f chaoticky \u00fato\u010d\u00edc\u00edch p\u011b\u0161\u00e1k\u016f a jezdc\u016f , to byl denn\u00ed chleba rusk\u00fdch pluk\u016f. A s\u00a0touto v\u00fdbavou se vydaly na pochod do nitra rakousk\u00e9 monarchie \u2013 p\u0159eu\u010dovat je n\u011b\u010demu jin\u00e9mu, na to nebyl \u010das. Dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fkazem obhajoby tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee rusk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da bojovat dovedla, je \u00fastupov\u00fd boj Podolsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy. Amstetten a Sch\u00f6ngrabern \u2013 kdyby Kutuzov, Miloradovi\u010d a Bagration neovl\u00e1dali svoje \u0159emeslo, kdyby rusk\u00e9 pluky skute\u010dn\u011b neum\u011bly bojovat, na Moravu by Podolsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da v\u016fbec nedo\u0161la! Za <em>probl\u00e9m \u010d\u00edslo dva<\/em> pova\u017euje autor osobu gener\u00e1la p\u011bchoty Kutuzova \u2013 p\u0159esn\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno jeho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b pl\u00e1nu bitvy a hlavn\u011b v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtomnosti panovn\u00edka. P\u0159ipom\u00ednal, podle vzpom\u00ednek \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f, \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00e9mu je v\u00fdsledek bitvy t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 lhostejn\u00fd \u2013 prav\u00fd opak Kutuzova jen o p\u00e1r t\u00fddn\u016f p\u0159ed t\u00edm promy\u0161len\u011b man\u00e9vruj\u00edc\u00edho a sv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edho \u00fastupov\u00e9 sice, ale vyrovnan\u00e9 boje s\u00a0nep\u0159\u00edtelem. Po t\u00e9to obhajob\u011b, kter\u00e1 je sp\u00ed\u0161e autorov\u00fdm vyzn\u00e1n\u00edm, n\u00e1sleduje stru\u010dn\u00fd popis jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f vojsk se stavem k\u00a0roku 1805. <em>Bude zde pops\u00e1na zejm\u00e9na organizace, v\u00fdstroj a v\u00fdzbroj jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f vojsk \u2013 o jejich taktice pouze stru\u010dn\u011b. <\/em><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">P\u011bchota<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">P\u011bchota \u2013 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed masa rusk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy se d\u011blila na \u0159adovou a mysliveckou (<em>obdobn\u011b tomu bylo i ostatn\u00edch arm\u00e1d\u00e1ch tehdej\u0161\u00ed Evropy<\/em>). V\u00a0roce 1805 existovalo 12 gran\u00e1tnick\u00fdch a 71 mu\u0161ket\u00fdrsk\u00fdch pluk\u016f \u0159adov\u00e9 p\u011bchoty a 21 mysliveck\u00fdch pluk\u016f. Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed pro nezasv\u011bcen\u00e9 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e: \u0159adov\u00e1 p\u011bchota bojovala v\u00a0sev\u0159en\u00fdch formac\u00edch o n\u011bkolika \u0159adech, mysliveck\u00e1 p\u011bchota byla mimo to cvi\u010dena i pro boj v\u00a0rozvinut\u00fdch formac\u00edch. Pluky \u0159adov\u00e9 p\u011bchoty nesly n\u00e1zvy m\u011bst, \u0159ek a \u00fazem\u00ed monarchie (<em>byly jim navr\u00e1ceny v\u00a0roce 1801<\/em>), mysliveck\u00e9 pluky pouze po\u0159adov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo, pod kter\u00fdm byly postaveny.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\">\u0158adov\u00e1 p\u011bchota<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/ruska-armada-v-bitve-u-austerlitzu-v-roce-1805-priloha-2\/\">podrobn\u011bji v p\u0159\u00edloze \u010d\u00edslo 2<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Organizace<\/strong> <strong>gran\u00e1tnick\u00fdch<\/strong> a <strong>mu\u0161ket\u00fdrsk\u00fdch<\/strong> pluk\u016f, kter\u00e9 \u0159adovou p\u011bchotu tvo\u0159ily, se v\u00a0popisovan\u00e9 dob\u011b li\u0161ila v\u00a0podstat\u011b pouze pou\u017eit\u00fdm n\u00e1zvoslov\u00edm. Oba typy pluk\u016f byly postaveny ze t\u0159\u00ed batalion\u016f \u2013 v\u00a0prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b z\u00a0jednoho <strong>gran\u00e1tnick\u00e9ho <\/strong>a dvou <strong>fysil\u00edrsk\u00fdch<\/strong>, ve druh\u00e9m z\u00a0jednoho <strong>gran\u00e1tnick\u00e9ho<\/strong> a dvou <strong>mu\u0161ket\u00fdrsk\u00fdch<\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>. Ka\u017ed\u00fd batalion byl slo\u017een ze \u010dty\u0159 rot \u2013 prvn\u00ed z\u00a0nich byla ve v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edpadech gran\u00e1tnick\u00e1, ostatn\u00ed se li\u0161ily podle typu pluku: v\u00a0gran\u00e1tnick\u00e9m pluku byly tyto roty fysil\u00edrsk\u00e9, v\u00a0mu\u0161ket\u00fdrsk\u00e9m mu\u0161ket\u00fdrsk\u00e9. Roty se vnit\u0159n\u011b \u010dlenily do \u010det, ty potom do kapr\u00e1lstev \u2013 z\u00a0prostorov\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 se organizac\u00ed roty zab\u00fdvat podrobn\u011b. Jedinou v\u00fdjimkou v\u00a0tomto sch\u00e9matu arm\u00e1dn\u00edch pluk\u016f byl T\u011blesn\u00fd-gran\u00e1tnick\u00fd pluk, kter\u00fd m\u011bl v\u0161echny t\u0159i bataliony gran\u00e1tnick\u00e9, tomu odpov\u00eddaly i n\u00e1zvy rot. <em>Tento pluk je z\u0159ejm\u011b \u010dernou m\u016frou \u0159ady zahrani\u010dn\u00edch (ale i na\u0161ich autor\u016f), kte\u0159\u00ed ho vytrvale za\u0159azuj\u00ed do sestavy Gardy. I kdy\u017e jej\u00ed sestavu \u010dasto dopl\u0148oval, gardov\u00fdm se stal a\u017e v\u00a0roce 1813, kdy sv\u016fj n\u00e1zev zm\u011bnil na<\/em> T\u011blesn\u00fd-gardov\u00fd<em> Gran\u00e1tnick\u00fd pluk. M\u00fdl\u00ed je z\u0159ejm\u011b n\u00e1zev T\u011blesn\u00fd \u2013pluk ho obdr\u017eel od Kate\u0159iny II. za state\u010dnost, od t\u00e9 doby byl jeho plukovn\u00edkem v\u017edy panovn\u00edk, nebo \u010dlen jeho rodiny.<\/em> Zp\u011bt k\u00a0\u0159adov\u00e9 p\u011bchot\u011b \u2013 tabulkov\u00fd stav pluku (<em>shodn\u00fd pro oba typy<\/em>) byl 2067<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> mu\u017e\u016f (<em>61 d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f v\u0161ech hodnost\u00ed, 123 podd\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f, 564 gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f, 1128 fysil.\/mu\u0161k., 36 buben\u00edk\u016f, 6 fl\u00e9tnist\u016f a 138 mu\u017e\u016f ne\u0159adov\u00e9ho stavu<\/em>). P\u0159i zah\u00e1jen\u00ed ta\u017een\u00ed zanech\u00e1val pluk v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b st\u00e1l\u00e9 dislokace jednu rotu (<em>zpravidla ze sestavy II. batalionu<\/em>), do kter\u00e9 byli soust\u0159ed\u011bni nemocn\u00ed a pochodu neschopn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci pluku. Na jejich m\u00edsta nastoupili p\u016fvodn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci zanechan\u00e9 roty. Stav pluku se tak hned na za\u010d\u00e1tku pochodu sn\u00ed\u017eil o zhruba 123 mu\u017e\u016f. Skute\u010dn\u00fd po\u010det mu\u017e\u016f, kter\u00e9 byl pluk schopen postavit do bojov\u00e9 sestavy tedy \u010dinil <strong>1809<\/strong> mu\u017e\u016f (<em>po ode\u010dten\u00ed v\u0161ech ne\u0159adov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f pluku<\/em>), z\u00a0toho 564 gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f a 1008 fysil\u00edr\u016f (<em>mu\u0161ket\u00fdr\u016f<\/em>). Jde zde pochopiteln\u011b o tabulkov\u00e9 (<em>tedy ide\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/em>) po\u010dty. Vyd\u011bl\u00edme-li po\u010det gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f po\u010dtem gran\u00e1tnick\u00fdch rot, obdr\u017e\u00edme v\u00fdsledek 188. Skute\u010dn\u00fd po\u010det mu\u017estva ka\u017ed\u00e9 roty byl 120 \u0159adov\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f, zbyl\u00fdch 68 gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f tvo\u0159ilo tzv. rezervu. Zat\u00edmco fysil\u00edrsk\u00e9 a mu\u0161ket\u00fdrsk\u00e9 roty bylo mo\u017eno redukovat nebo spojovat tak, aby byla v\u017edy dodr\u017eena sestava troj\u0159adu, u gran\u00e1tnick\u00e9 roty se stavy dopl\u0148ovaly v\u017edy z\u00a0t\u00e9to z\u00e1lohy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Taktika<\/strong> \u0159adov\u00e9 p\u011bchoty se v\u00a0popisovan\u00e9m obdob\u00ed \u0159\u00eddila Poln\u00edm \u0159\u00e1dem 1797. Bataliony se stav\u011bly do rozvinut\u00e9 linie vedle sebe (<em>dovoloval-li to ter\u00e9n<\/em>) o t\u0159ech \u0159adech, \u010dtvrt\u00e1 byla tvo\u0159ena podd\u016fstojn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed sv\u00fdmi d\u0159evcov\u00fdmi zbran\u011bmi ( <em>v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b byly opravdu je\u0161t\u011b ve v\u00fdzbroji<\/em> ) vyrovn\u00e1vali zadn\u00ed \u0159ad a v\u00a0p\u00e1t\u00e9m \u0159adu st\u00e1la \u010d\u00e1st rotn\u00edch d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f \u2013 tzv. <em>zamykac\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edci<\/em>. V\u00a0mezer\u00e1ch a na k\u0159\u00eddlech postupovaly \u010dety lehk\u00e9ho d\u011blost\u0159electva \u2013 zpravidla dv\u011b hlavn\u011b na batalion. Podle taktick\u00fdch z\u00e1sad obvykl\u00fdch v\u00a0rusk\u00e9 p\u011bchot\u011b byly gran\u00e1tnick\u00e9 roty od batalion\u016f odvelov\u00e1ny (<em>sv\u00e1d\u011bny<\/em>) do tzv. svodn\u00fdch gran\u00e1tnick\u00fdch batalion\u016f, kter\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bly hlavn\u00ed \u00fatok. Fysil\u00edrsk\u00e9, nebo mu\u0161ket\u00fdrsk\u00e9 bataliony podporovaly \u00fatok palbou, samy \u00fato\u010dily pouze ve v\u00fdhodn\u00fdch, nebo nevyhnuteln\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech. A pr\u00e1v\u011b vzhledem k\u00a0t\u00e9to skute\u010dnosti je autorovi podez\u0159el\u00e1 absence t\u011bchto jednotek u zat\u00edm v\u0161ech autor\u016f bitevn\u00edch po\u0159\u00e1dk\u016f rusk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy ve slavkovsk\u00e9 bitv\u011b. Ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm celku (<em>v brig\u00e1d\u011b, divizi<\/em>) byly pluky stav\u011bny v\u011bt\u0161inou do dvou lini\u00ed vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch od sebe zhruba pades\u00e1t krok\u016f. Rozestup mezi \u0159adami byl t\u0159i kroky, p\u0159i st\u0159elb\u011b k\u00a0sob\u011b \u0159ady p\u0159istupovaly \u201ena dotek pochvy tes\u00e1ku\u201c. Bataliony vedly palbu pouze z\u00a0m\u00edsta, rusk\u00fd p\u011b\u0161\u00e1k nebyl cvi\u010den ke st\u0159elb\u011b za pohybu. Up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, rusk\u00fd p\u011b\u0161\u00e1k nebyl ve st\u0159elb\u011b cvi\u010den t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u016fbec \u2013 a\u017e do roku 1810 mohl v\u00fdcvikov\u011b vyst\u0159elit \u0161est ran za rok, bez v\u00fdstroje a z\u00a0upraven\u00e9ho stanovi\u0161t\u011b. Tomu tak\u00e9 odpov\u00eddaly \u201epalebn\u00e9 povely\u201c \u2013 byly v\u0161ehov\u0161udy t\u0159i: \u201edo klobouku\u201c(<em>cca 300 m<\/em>), \u201edo p\u016fl \u010dlov\u011bka\u201c(<em>cca 200 m<\/em>), \u201edo kolen\u201c(<em>150 m<\/em>). Palba se vedla pom\u011brn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem po \u010det\u00e1ch, divizionech (<em>dv\u011b \u010dety<\/em>), polorot\u00e1ch, atd. Dal\u0161\u00ed jednotka st\u0159\u00edlela v\u017edy a\u017e tehdy, nabila-li u p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00e9 zbran\u011b alespo\u0148 polovina mu\u017e\u016f ( <em>rozsah t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ce nedovoluje podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed popis slo\u017eit\u00fdch evoluc\u00ed p\u0159i veden\u00ed palby<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A\u0165 to zn\u00ed jakkoliv podivn\u011b, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed taktickou doktrinou, danou Poln\u00edm \u0159\u00e1dem, byla pro ruskou p\u011bchotu obrana. P\u0159\u00edru\u010dka s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem <em>\u201eObecn\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti z\u00a0taktiky\u201c<\/em> je\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0roce 1807 konstatuje doslova: <em>\u201eObrana je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm postaven\u00edm, \u00fatok je v\u017edy n\u00e1hodn\u00fd\u2026\u201c<\/em> (<em>na tureck\u00e9m v\u00e1l\u010di\u0161ti \u201evydr\u017eely\u201c rusk\u00e9 pluky ve \u010dtverhranech s\u00a0\u00fasp\u011bchem celou bitvu, ve kter\u00e9 nakonec zv\u00edt\u011bzily<\/em>.). Pro tento \u00fa\u010del stav\u011bla p\u011bchota \u010dtverhrany (<em>dobov\u011b \u201ekar\u00e9\u201c<\/em>) a \u010dinnost v\u00a0nich byla, po nab\u00edjen\u00ed zbran\u00ed, nejv\u00edce cvi\u010dena. Zde je mo\u017en\u00e1 z\u00e1klad tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee rusk\u00e1 p\u011bchota nebyla schopn\u00e1 slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch man\u00e9vr\u016f v\u00a0linii \u2013 p\u0159i jak\u00fdchkoliv probl\u00e9mech sahali velitel\u00e9 pluk\u016f a batalion\u016f k\u00a0osv\u011bd\u010den\u00e9mu \u010dtverhranu a d\u011blo se tak pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i v\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed bitv\u011b. Takto se chovaly dokonce i roty \u2013 je zaznamen\u00e1no (<em>nikoliv v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0touto bitvou<\/em>), \u017ee ze z\u00e1lohy napaden\u00e1 rota oto\u010dila t\u0159et\u00ed \u0159ad dozadu, st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0159ad provedl \u2013 ka\u017ed\u00fd druh\u00fd mu\u017e &#8211; tot\u00e9\u017e a rota se br\u00e1nila na ob\u011b strany (<em>stalo se na Kavkaze, v\u00a0evropsk\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch roty samostatn\u011b neoperovaly<\/em>). \u010ctverhrany se pou\u017e\u00edvaly dvou druh\u016f \u2013 batalionn\u00ed a plukovn\u00ed. Jeho sestaven\u00ed bylo pom\u011brn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00fdm man\u00e9vrem, proto rusk\u00e1 p\u011bchota pou\u017e\u00edvala velmi \u010dasto nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed variantu \u2013 tzv. <em>\u201ekar\u00e9 na \u010dtvrtou a p\u00e1tou \u010detu\u201c<\/em> (<em>tyto dv\u011b \u010dety tvo\u0159ily st\u0159ed rozvinut\u00e9 sestavy batalionu a v\u00a0kar\u00e9 tak tvo\u0159ily st\u0159ed jeho p\u0159edn\u00ed st\u011bny<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Jedin\u00e9 tvrzen\u00ed, se kter\u00fdm je mo\u017eno bez v\u00fdhrad souhlasit, je n\u00e1zor, \u017ee rusk\u00e1 p\u011bchota neovl\u00e1dala boj v\u00a0kolon\u00e1ch. P\u0159esn\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno \u2013 v\u00a0kolon\u00e1ch \u201efrancouzsk\u00e9ho typu.\u201c Ru\u0161t\u00ed velitel\u00e9 ovl\u00e1dali pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tzv. \u00fato\u010dn\u00fdch kolon \u2013 ty b\u00fdvaly sestaveny zpravidla z\u00a0gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f podporovan\u00fdch \u017eenisty a slou\u017eily k\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9mu \u00fatoku na hradby pevnosti. Boj v\u00a0kolon\u00e1ch v\u00a0otev\u0159en\u00e9m ter\u00e9nu, rychl\u00e9 p\u0159eskupov\u00e1n\u00ed do \u00fato\u010dn\u00e9 sestavy a zp\u011bt \u2013 to byla pro rusk\u00e9 p\u011b\u0161\u00e1ky hudba budoucnosti, s\u00a0podobn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem boje se prakticky setkali poprv\u00e9 na tomto ta\u017een\u00ed. Mluv\u00ed-li se v\u00a0souvislosti se slavkovskou bitvou o rusk\u00fdch kolon\u00e1ch, jde v\u017edy o kolony pochodov\u00e9. Bataliony se do kolony \u0159adily v\u017edy v\u00a0tom po\u0159ad\u00ed, v\u00a0jak\u00e9m se m\u011bla stav\u011bt n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 linie \u2013 nej\u010dast\u011bji byly pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny dva typy kolon: <em>\u201ena \u010dtvrtou a p\u00e1tou \u010detu\u201c<\/em> \u2013 kolona na \u0161\u00ed\u0159ku dvou \u010det, linie se z\u00a0n\u00ed tvo\u0159ila obdobn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem jako \u010dtverhran. Ob\u011b p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010dety \/<em>mezi n\u011b vpochodovala prapore\u010dnick\u00e1 skupina<\/em>\/ tvo\u0159ily st\u0159ed linie batalionu, ostatn\u00ed \u010dety se, ve stanoven\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed, \u0159adily na k\u0159\u00eddla. Druh\u00fdm typem kolony byla tzv. <em>\u201ehust\u00e1\u201c<\/em> kolona na \u0161\u00ed\u0159ku jedn\u00e9 \u010dety. Do t\u00e9 se p\u0159ech\u00e1zelo, zpravidla z\u00a0linie, jednoduch\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem \u2013 pravok\u0159\u00eddeln\u00ed \u010dety zah\u00e1jila pochod a vedle n\u00ed stoj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dety se za n\u00ed za pochodu p\u0159ipojovaly. Lehk\u00e9 d\u011blost\u0159electvo, ur\u010den\u00e9 k\u00a0podpo\u0159e batalion\u016f, postupovalo v\u00a0mezer\u00e1ch mezi nimi (<em>t\u00edm pochopiteln\u011b, v\u00a0t\u011b\u017eko sch\u016fdn\u00e9m ter\u00e9nu, brzdilo postup kolon<\/em>). Autor uzn\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee tento exkurz do p\u011bchotn\u00ed taktiky je velmi stru\u010dn\u00fd, rozsah pr\u00e1ce v\u0161ak v\u00edce nedovoluje.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>V\u00fdstroj <\/strong>&#8211; popis v\u00fdstroje \u0159adov\u00e9 p\u011bchoty poslou\u017e\u00ed i pro gardovou p\u011bchotu a p\u011b\u0161\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159electvo. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch pas\u00e1\u017e\u00edch pak bude upozorn\u011bno pouze na rozd\u00edly a n\u011bkter\u00e9 detaily. Popisov\u00e1n bude stav v\u00a0roce 1805. P\u011bchotn\u00ed stejnokroj, zaveden\u00fd 17. 3. 1805, obsahoval \u010d\u00e1ku, kab\u00e1tec, zimn\u00ed a letn\u00ed kalhoty, n\u00e1kr\u010dn\u00edk, poloko\u017e\u00ed\u0161ek, t\u00e1borovou \u010dapku, onuce a boty. Stejnokroje gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f se od ostatn\u00edch li\u0161ily pouze v\u00a0detailech.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type='text\/css'>\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 50%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-16191 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-medium'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/1r.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"212\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/1r-212x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/1r-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/1r-106x150.jpg 106w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/1r-768x1086.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/1r-724x1024.jpg 724w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/1r.jpg 1476w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 212px) 100vw, 212px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2r.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"204\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2r-204x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2r-204x300.jpg 204w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2r-102x150.jpg 102w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2r-768x1128.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2r-697x1024.jpg 697w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2r.jpg 1417w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 204px) 100vw, 204px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Autorem rekonstrukce stejnokroje podd\u016fstojn\u00edka gardov\u00e9 p\u011bchoty je &#8222;jedni\u010dka&#8220; tohoto oboru v Rusku &#8211; pan Prokopovi\u010d. Ve stejnokroji &#8222;v\u011bz\u00ed&#8220; p\u0159\u00edtel autora t\u011bchto \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f, Oleg Poljakov.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 180px\"><em>Odli\u0161nosti stejnokroje gardov\u00e9 p\u011bchoty:<\/em><br \/>\n<em>&#8211; n\u00e1\u0161ivky na l\u00edmci a klop\u011b man\u017eety<\/em><br \/>\n<em>&#8211; jin\u00fd lem horn\u00edho okraje \u010d\u00e1ky<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\"><strong>\u010c\u00e1ka:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">Zaveden\u00e1 rozkazem ze dne 16. 5. 1803 pro fysil\u00edrsk\u00e9 a mu\u0161ket\u00fdrsk\u00e9, na konci roku 1804 i pro gran\u00e1tnick\u00e9 roty. Ko\u017een\u00fd korpus, vysok\u00fd 20 cm, byl po\u0161it \u010dern\u00fdm suknem, jeho horn\u00ed a spodn\u00ed okraj zpevn\u011bn\u00fd p\u00e1skem tvrd\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ee. Horn\u00ed a spodn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br \u010d\u00e1ky byly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 toto\u017en\u00e9. U t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1ky najdeme jednu zaj\u00edmavost \u2013 jej\u00ed \u0161t\u00edtek, z\u00a0tvrd\u00e9 \u010dern\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ee, se ke korpusu <em>p\u0159ip\u00ednal<\/em> na t\u0159i h\u00e1\u010dky. Na p\u0159edn\u00ed stran\u011b korpusu \u010dern\u00e1 kokarda s\u00a0oran\u017eov\u00fdm okrajem, nad n\u00ed pompon v\u00a0rozli\u0161ovac\u00edch barv\u00e1ch<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>, u <u>mu\u0161ket\u00fdrsk\u00fdch<\/u> a <u>fysil\u00edrsk\u00fdch<\/u> rot nad n\u00edm je\u0161t\u011b \u0161t\u011btka. Tyto sou\u010d\u00e1sti se na \u010d\u00e1ku p\u0159ip\u00ednaly jako stavebnice, v\u00a0p\u0159esn\u011b stanoven\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed.\u00a0 \u010c\u00e1ky gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f byly pod kokardou osazeny mosazn\u00fdm jednoplamenn\u00fdm gran\u00e1tem a m\u00edsto \u0161t\u011btky se p\u0159ipev\u0148oval \u201esult\u00e1n\u201c \u2013 v\u00e1lcov\u00e1 ozdoba z\u00a0ko\u0148sk\u00fdch \u017e\u00edn\u00ed na dr\u00e1t\u011bn\u00e9 konstrukci. Jej\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br byl 20 cm, v\u00fd\u0161ka 48 cm. <strong>Podd\u016fstojn\u00edci<\/strong> m\u011bli horn\u00ed okraj \u010d\u00e1ky lemov\u00e1n \u017elutou vln\u011bnou stuhou, sult\u00e1n gran\u00e1tnick\u00fdch podd\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f byl v\u00a0horn\u00ed \u010dtvrtin\u011b b\u00edl\u00fd s\u00a0pod\u00e9ln\u00fdm oran\u017eov\u00fdm pruhem. <em>Pr\u00e1v\u011b pokr\u00fdvka hlavy rusk\u00fdch gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f ve slavkovsk\u00e9 bitv\u011b je p\u0159edm\u011btem dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00edch diskus\u00ed. Autor se p\u0159ikl\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00a0n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee gran\u00e1tn\u00edci ji\u017e byli vystrojeni \u010d\u00e1kami,m\u00edsto p\u016fvodn\u00edch gran\u00e1tnick\u00fdch \u010dapek ( \u201emiter\u201c).<\/em> Sult\u00e1ny <strong>hudebn\u00edk\u016f<\/strong> byly \u010derven\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Kab\u00e1tec:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">Z tmavozelen\u00e9ho sukna, frakov\u00e9ho st\u0159ihu s\u00a0kr\u00e1tk\u00fdmi, ven obr\u00e1cen\u00fdmi \u0161osy. Vysok\u00fd stojat\u00fd l\u00edmec (<em>podle sv\u011bdectv\u00ed pam\u011btn\u00edk\u016f v\u00a0n\u011bm hlava v\u011bzela jako v\u00a0misce<\/em>), na ruk\u00e1vech kulat\u00e9 man\u017eety s\u00a0klopou (<em>u d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f a podd\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f rozep\u00ednateln\u00e9, u mu\u017estva bylo zap\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed fale\u0161n\u00e9<\/em>). Od pasu dol\u016f byl kab\u00e1tec pod\u0161it hrub\u00fdm suknem \u010derven\u00e9 barvy, \u010derven\u00e9 bylo (<em>jednotn\u011b v\u00a0cel\u00e9 p\u011bchot\u011b<\/em>)\u00a0 po\u0161it\u00ed ven obr\u00e1cen\u00fdch \u0161os\u016f. L\u00edmec a man\u017eety v\u00a0barv\u011b inspekce, do n\u00ed\u017e pluk n\u00e1le\u017eel, n\u00e1ramen\u00edky v\u00a0barv\u011b po\u0159ad\u00ed pluku v\u00a0inspekci (<em>dislokace<\/em> <em>bude vysv\u011btlena pozd\u011bji<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\"><strong>Podd\u016fstojn\u00edci<\/strong> nosili sv\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed na l\u00edmci a man\u017eet\u00e1ch \u2013 p\u0159edn\u00ed hrana a spodn\u00ed okraj l\u00edmce, stejn\u011b jako horn\u00ed okraj a hrany man\u017eet, byly lemov\u00e1ny vln\u011bnou stuhou \u017elut\u00e9 barvy u kapr\u00e1l\u016f, dracounovou zlato\u017elutou stuhou u ser\u017eant\u016f a vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch podd\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f. Svobodn\u00edci (<em>jefrejtori<\/em>), kte\u0159\u00ed byli p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edky mu\u017estva, m\u011bli lemov\u00e1n pouze horn\u00ed obvod man\u017eety. Kab\u00e1tec d\u016fstojn\u00edka se li\u0161il pouze kvalitou sukna (<em>u ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch, nemajetn\u00fdch, d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f \u010dasto ani to ne<\/em>), ozna\u010den\u00edm <strong>d\u016fstojn\u00edka<\/strong> (<em>pozor \u2013 nikoliv jeho <\/em><em>hodnosti!<\/em>) bylo lemov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1ramen\u00edku \u0161irokou zlatou dracounovou stuhou. Kab\u00e1tce <strong>hudebn\u00edk\u016f<\/strong> byly zdobeny jednak \u201evla\u0161tov\u010d\u00edmi hn\u00edzdy\u201c na ramenou (<em>barva jejich z\u00e1kladu odpov\u00eddala barv\u011b n\u00e1ramen\u00edku<\/em>), jednak \u0161\u00edpovit\u00fdmi n\u00e1\u0161ivkami z\u00a0b\u00edl\u00e9 stuhy na ruk\u00e1vech (<em>batalionn\u00ed buben\u00edci m\u011bli lemov\u00e1ny i oba \u0161vy ruk\u00e1v\u016f, plukovn\u00ed buben\u00edci a hr\u00e1\u010di plukovn\u00edho orchestru i \u0161vy na z\u00e1dech kab\u00e1tce<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Kalhoty:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">Ke stejnokroji n\u00e1le\u017eely dvoje \u2013 soukenn\u00e9 (<em>n\u011bkdy naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 zimn\u00ed<\/em>) a letn\u00ed z\u00a0vl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho pl\u00e1tna, oboje b\u00edl\u00e9 barvy. Vp\u0159edu se kalhoty zap\u00ednaly pomoc\u00ed \u201epadac\u00edho mostu\u201c a jejich nohavice, dlouh\u00e9 do p\u016fli l\u00fdtek m\u011bly u spodn\u00edho kraje na\u0161it\u00fd mosazn\u00fd knofl\u00edk. Ten se zap\u00ednal do poutka v\u00a0holeni boty \u2013 nohavice se tak nemohly vysoukat. Na pochodech, p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci a n\u011bkdy i v\u00a0boji nosil p\u011b\u0161\u00e1k pytlovit\u00e9 n\u00e1vlekov\u00e9 kalhoty z\u00a0hrub\u00e9ho rolnick\u00e9ho sukna (<em>tento \u201edopln\u011bk\u201c byl \u010dasto po\u0159izov\u00e1n sv\u00e9pomoc\u00ed, nebo rotn\u00edmi krej\u010d\u00edmi<\/em>). <strong><em>D\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016fm<\/em><\/strong> p\u011bchoty slou\u017e\u00edc\u00edm v\u00a0sedle n\u00e1le\u017eely n\u00e1vlekov\u00e9 kalhoty \u0161ed\u00e9 barvy s\u00a0prop\u00ednac\u00edmi nohavicemi. Jejich sed a vnit\u0159n\u00ed strana nohavic byly proti od\u011bru zes\u00edleny \u010dernou k\u016f\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Boty:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">V\u00a0cel\u00e9 p\u011bchot\u011b n\u00e1le\u017eely ke stejnokroji polovysok\u00e9 holinky z\u00a0m\u011bkk\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ee, pro snaz\u0161\u00ed obouv\u00e1n\u00ed vzadu miskovit\u011b vyst\u0159i\u017een\u00e9. D\u016fstojn\u00edci slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0sedle nosili vysok\u00e9 jezdeck\u00e9 boty s\u00a0man\u017eetou na kolen\u011b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Dopl\u0148ky stejnokroje:<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\"><strong>N\u00e1kr\u010dn\u00edk<\/strong> \u010dern\u00e9 barvy, vp\u0159edu prodlou\u017een\u00fd tak, aby p\u0159i rozepnut\u00e9m horn\u00edm knofl\u00edku kab\u00e1tce nebyla vid\u011bt spodn\u00ed rubacha, <strong>poloko\u017e\u00ed\u0161ek<\/strong> nejednotn\u00e9ho proveden\u00ed (vyd\u00e1val se pouze v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby), souprava <strong>pr\u00e1dla<\/strong> \u2013 rubacha, ln\u011bn\u00e9 spodky, onuce nebo pleten\u00e9 pun\u010dochy a rukavice. <strong>Podd\u016fstojn\u00edk<\/strong> v\u017edy, <strong>d\u016fstojn\u00edk<\/strong> pouze mimo slu\u017ebu, nosil h\u016flku z\u00a0r\u00e9vov\u00e9ho d\u0159eva s\u00a0kost\u011bn\u00fdm knofl\u00edkem na jedn\u00e9 a kov\u00e1n\u00edm na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b. Poutkem ji podd\u016fstojn\u00edk p\u0159ip\u00ednal na jeden z\u00a0knofl\u00edk\u016f zap\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed, vzadu ji zastrkoval do ko\u017een\u00e9ho poutka na lev\u00e9m knofl\u00edku u rozparku (<em>viz foto<\/em>.). Do jejich v\u00fdbavy n\u00e1le\u017eely d\u00e1le b\u00edl\u00e9 semi\u0161ov\u00e9 <strong>rukavice<\/strong>, u podd\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f s\u00a0polovysokou man\u017eetou.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Torna:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">N\u011bkter\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti v\u00fdstroje a osobn\u00ed v\u011bci nosil p\u011b\u0161\u00e1k v\u00a0torn\u011b z\u00a0\u010dern\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ee, pro sv\u016fj charakteristick\u00fd vzhled nez\u00fdvan\u00e9 \u201ev\u00e1lec\u201c. \u0158adov\u00fd voj\u00e1k ji nosil p\u0159es prav\u00e9 rameno, podd\u016fstojn\u00edk p\u0159es lev\u00e9. Nep\u0159edpisov\u00fdm, ale v\u0161eobecn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm dopl\u0148kem byla pl\u00e1t\u011bn\u00e1 mo\u0161na.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Klobouk, nebo \u010d\u00e1ka?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">Dal\u0161\u00ed dilema t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se bitvy. Gener\u00e1lov\u00e9 a d\u016fstojn\u00edci m\u011bli jako pokr\u00fdvku hlavy p\u0159edeps\u00e1n dvouroh\u00fd klobouk s\u00a0vysok\u00fdmi poli. Na p\u0159edn\u00edm byla kokarda (<em>shodn\u00e9ho vzhledu s\u00a0mu\u017estvem<\/em>), p\u0159idr\u017eovan\u00e1 poutkem ze zlacen\u00e9ho dracounu. Poutko se zap\u00ednalo na mosazn\u00fd stejnokrojov\u00fd knofl\u00edk. Gener\u00e1lov\u00e9 m\u011bli poutko \u0161irok\u00e9 a horn\u00ed okraj klobouku byl lemov\u00e1n ozdobou z\u00a0jemn\u00e9ho b\u00edl\u00e9ho pe\u0159\u00ed. Do tuleje za kokardou se zasunoval p\u00e9\u0159ov\u00fd chochol &#8211; u d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f z\u00a0\u010dern\u00e9ho kohout\u00edho pe\u0159\u00ed, dopln\u011bn\u00e9ho u ko\u0159ene b\u00edl\u00fdmi a oran\u017eov\u00fdmi pery. Gener\u00e1lov\u00e9 m\u011bli chochol b\u00edl\u00fd. Je ale t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jist\u00e9, \u017ee (<em>zejm\u00e9na ni\u017e\u0161\u0161\u00ed<\/em>) d\u016fstojn\u00edci nasazovali na hlavu \u010d\u00e1ku pro mu\u017estvo, kterou si nech\u00e1vali zdobit dle vlastn\u00edho vkusu. Zd\u00e1 se dokonce, \u017ee tyto d\u016fstojnick\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ky byly zdobeny podle jednoho vzoru, odpov\u00edd\u00e1 tomu n\u00e1lez \u010d\u00e1sti takov\u00e9ho zdoben\u00ed na boji\u0161ti (<em>v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u00a0majetku jednoho pra\u017esk\u00e9ho sb\u011bratele<\/em>). Gener\u00e1lov\u00e9 a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edci se k\u00a0t\u00e9to m\u00f3d\u011b nep\u0159ipojovali (<em>o d\u016fstojnick\u00e9m stejnokroji bude je\u0161t\u011b \u0159e\u010d<\/em> ).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">Pro n\u011bkoho mo\u017en\u00e1 zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je, \u017ee stejnokroj gener\u00e1la krom klobouku nebylo mo\u017eno v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b nijak odli\u0161it od d\u016fstojn\u00edka. Nebylo mo\u017eno dokonce rozeznat ani stupe\u0148 gener\u00e1lsk\u00e9 hodnosti, proto\u017ee gener\u00e1lov\u00e9 nenosili n\u00e1hrudn\u00ed znaky ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed stupe\u0148 hodnosti, o kter\u00fdch bude \u0159e\u010d v P\u0159\u00edloze.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/3r.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16239 alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/3r.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"468\" height=\"894\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/3r.jpg 468w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/3r-79x150.jpg 79w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/3r-157x300.jpg 157w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px\" \/><\/a><strong>V\u00fdzbroj:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\"><strong>P\u011bchotn\u00ed pu\u0161ka vz. 1799<\/strong> &#8211; p\u016fvodn\u011b pu\u0161ka p\u011bchoty Gat\u010dinsk\u00fdch vojsk<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>, zaveden\u00e1 v\u00a0roce 1798 do cel\u00e9 p\u011bchoty (<em>n\u011bkdy je datov\u00e1na<\/em> <em>jako vzor 1798<\/em>). Pa\u017eba z\u00a0b\u0159ezov\u00e9ho d\u0159eva s\u00a0dlouh\u00fdm p\u0159edpa\u017eb\u00edm a pouze jednou obj\u00edmkou v\u00a0nose pa\u017eby. Baterijn\u00ed z\u00e1mek francouzsk\u00e9ho typu, na z\u00e1mkov\u00e9 desce zna\u010den v\u00fdrobcem (<em>p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b Tula<\/em>, <em>\u0159id\u010deji Sestroreck<\/em>) a rokem v\u00fdroby z\u00e1mku. Pojistka kohoutu, u zbran\u00ed vyroben\u00fdch po roce 1803 nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt osazena. \u017delezn\u00fd nabij\u00e1k ve t\u0159ech l\u016f\u017ek\u00e1ch. V\u00a0p\u0159edu na hlavni p\u00e9ro s\u00a0kuli\u010dkou pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed tulejov\u00e9ho bod\u00e1ku. \u0158emen z\u00a0\u010derven\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ee, ze stejn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu i obal kohoutu a celkov\u00fd obal z\u00e1mku (<em>\u010dechlo<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\"><strong><em>D\u00e9lka<\/em> zbran\u011b: <\/strong>1440 mm <em>(bez bod\u00e1ku)<strong>,<\/strong><\/em> <strong>d\u00e9lk<\/strong><strong>a<\/strong><strong> hlavn\u011b<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> 1030 mm,<strong> hmotnost hlavn\u011b<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> 2000 g,<strong> hm<\/strong><strong>otnost<\/strong><strong> zbran\u011b<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> 5000 g,<strong> r\u00e1\u017ee<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> 19,8 mm<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Ve v\u00fdzbroji byla i varianta t\u00e9to zbran\u011b ur\u010den\u00e1 pro podd\u016fstojn\u00edky gran\u00e1tnick\u00fdch rot. \u00daprava spo\u010d\u00edvala ve v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b hlavn\u011b za krat\u0161\u00ed, opat\u0159enou \u0161estidr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdm v\u00fdvrtem. N\u011bkter\u00e9 prameny uv\u00e1d\u00ed u t\u00e9to zbran\u011b odleh\u010denou pa\u017ebu, v\u00edce \u00fadaj\u016f o t\u00e9to nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 zbrani se nepoda\u0159ilo zat\u00edm zjistit. U rusk\u00fdch pluk\u016f se nach\u00e1zely je\u0161t\u011b dva p\u0159edchoz\u00ed vzory pu\u0161ek \u2013 pu\u0161ka vz. 1763 a mysliveck\u00e1 pu\u0161ka vz. 1789. Ta byla p\u016fvodn\u011b ve v\u00fdzbroji pluk\u016f j\u00edzdn\u00edch myslivc\u016f, po jejich zru\u0161en\u00ed Pavlem I. byly jejich zbran\u011b (<em>opat\u0159en\u00e9 karabinov\u00fdm z\u00e1v\u011bsem, kter\u00fd se u p\u011b\u0161\u00edch pluk\u016f sn\u00edmal<\/em>) p\u0159ed\u00e1ny do n\u011bkolika pluk\u016f \u0159adov\u00e9 p\u011bchoty. Cel\u00fd arzen\u00e1l pu\u0161ek dopl\u0148ovaly zbran\u011b poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch d\u00edlem z\u00a0britsk\u00fdch, d\u00edlem z\u00a0prusk\u00fdch dod\u00e1vek.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Tulejov\u00fd bod\u00e1k<\/strong> <em>pro pu\u0161ku vz. 1799<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">Bod\u00e1k s\u00a0kr\u00e1tkou, asi 400 mm dlouhou trojhrannou \u010depel\u00ed. Dob\u0159e je vid\u011bt otvor pro kuli\u010dku pru\u017einy, zamykaj\u00edc\u00ed bod\u00e1k na hlavni. Pu\u0161ky ostatn\u00edch zmi\u0148ovan\u00fdch vzor\u016f mn\u011bly zamyk\u00e1n\u00ed bod\u00e1ku \u0159e\u0161eno troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00fdm n\u00e1litkem na hlavni, bod\u00e1ky k nim n\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed byly na tuleji opat\u0159eny uzamykac\u00edm v\u00fd\u0159ezem. Bod\u00e1k nosil p\u011b\u0161\u00e1k v\u00a0pochv\u011b z\u00a0hn\u011bd\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ee s\u00a0mosazn\u00fdm kov\u00e1n\u00edm u ob\u00fastku a na \u0161pici. U ob\u00fastku bylo kov\u00e1n\u00ed opat\u0159eno trnem, kter\u00fdm se pochva zajistila v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bsn\u00edku. Ten byl p\u0159ipevn\u011bn k\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bsn\u00edku tes\u00e1ku (<em>viz n\u00ed\u017ee)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\"><strong>P\u011bchotn\u00ed tes\u00e1k vz. 1798<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">Zde bude autor (<em>zcela v\u011bdom\u011b a ji\u017e po n\u011bkolik\u00e1t\u00e9<\/em>) z\u0159ejm\u011b ter\u010dem kritiky za n\u00e1zev t\u00e9to zbran\u011b. B\u00fdv\u00e1 toti\u017e zvykem hovo\u0159it o pobo\u010dn\u00ed zbrani p\u011bchoty jako o \u0161avli, rusk\u00e9 (<em>dobov\u00e9 i sou\u010dasn\u00e9<\/em>) materi\u00e1ly je jmenuj\u00ed jako p\u011bchotn\u00ed tes\u00e1ky a za\u0159azuj\u00ed je do kategorie polo\u0161avl\u00ed. Autor ji tedy bude i nad\u00e1le naz\u00fdvat p\u011bchotn\u00edm tes\u00e1kem. \u010cepel m\u00edrn\u011b zak\u0159iven\u00e1 a u horn\u00ed hrany opat\u0159en\u00e1 \u017el\u00e1bkem, mosazn\u00fd j\u00edlec s\u00a0ledvinovitou miskou. Pochva z\u00a0hn\u011bd\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ee, kov\u00e1n\u00ed mosazn\u00e9 \u2013 dole s\u00a0hrotem zakon\u010den\u00fdm kuli\u010dkou, na horn\u00edm kov\u00e1n\u00ed nosec zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed pochvu v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bsn\u00edku.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\"><strong>celkov\u00e1 d\u00e9lka zbran\u011b: <\/strong>745 mm,<strong> d\u00e9lka \u010depele: <\/strong>600 mm,<strong> \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka \u010depele: <\/strong>30 mm,<strong> celkov\u00e1 hmotnost zbran\u011b <\/strong><em>(<\/em><em>s pochvou)<strong>: <\/strong><\/em>1100 g<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Z\u00e1sobu n\u00e1boj\u016f pro pu\u0161ku (<em>60 n\u00e1boj\u016f<\/em>) nosil p\u011b\u0161\u00e1k v\u00a0n\u00e1bojov\u00e9 bra\u0161n\u011b ze siln\u00e9 \u010dern\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ee. Uvnit\u0159 bra\u0161ny byla d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 schr\u00e1nka pro ulo\u017een\u00ed pap\u00edrov\u00fdch patron \u2013 bylo jich tam pravideln\u011b pouze 59, jeden n\u00e1boj byl v\u017edy v\u00a0hlavni \u2013 v\u00a0jej\u00edm st\u0159edu schr\u00e1nka na p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161enstv\u00ed. Na \u010deln\u00ed st\u011bn\u011b, zakryt\u00e1 v\u00edkem byla na\u0161ita dal\u0161\u00ed kapsa, zap\u00ednan\u00e1 na ko\u017een\u00fd knofl\u00edk. Do n\u00ed se ukl\u00e1daly n\u00e1hradn\u00ed k\u0159esac\u00ed kameny. U gran\u00e1tnick\u00fdch rot bylo v\u00edko bra\u0161ny zdobeno mosazn\u00fdm ho\u0159\u00edc\u00edm gran\u00e1tem (<em>u gardov\u00fdch jednotek panovnick\u00fdm znakem \u2013 viz foto.<\/em>). Dv\u011bma \u0159em\u00ednky na zadn\u00ed stran\u011b byla bra\u0161na p\u0159ipevn\u011bna k 10 cm \u0161irok\u00e9mu \u0159emeni, kter\u00fd voj\u00e1k nosil p\u0159es lev\u00e9 rameno. Podd\u016fstojn\u00edci nosili z\u00e1sobu munice v\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed bra\u0161n\u011b navle\u010den\u00e9 vp\u0159edu na opasku. Na tom byly tak\u00e9 p\u0159ipevn\u011bny ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bsn\u00edky tes\u00e1ku a bod\u00e1ku.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\">Do v\u00fdzbroje podd\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f mu\u0161ket\u00fdrsk\u00fdch rot pat\u0159ily espontony (<em>p\u0159e\u017eitek kate\u0159insk\u00e9 doby, znovu zaveden\u00fd Pavlem I. Z\u00a0v\u00fdzbroje byly ofici\u00e1ln\u011b sta\u017eeny a\u017e v\u00a0roce 1807!<\/em>). Na p\u0159ehl\u00eddce u Olomouce v\u00a0jejich rukou rozhodn\u011b byly, byl p\u0159ece p\u0159\u00edtomen s\u00e1m car. Nejsem ale ochoten tvrdit s\u00a0naprostou jistotou, \u017ee mu\u0161ket\u00fdrsk\u00fdm podd\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016fm p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eely i v\u00a0bitv\u011b. Jejich jedin\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delem toti\u017e bylo vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed posledn\u00edho \u0159adu sestavy \u2013 viz stru\u010dn\u00fd popis taktiky. U\u017e v\u00a0ta\u017een\u00ed 1798-1800 se st\u00e1valo, \u017ee halapartny zmizely ve vozech a v\u00a0rukou podd\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f se objevily pu\u0161ky. A nen\u00ed d\u016fvodu pochybovat o tom, \u017ee rozumn\u00fd velitel batalionu (<em>a bylo jich v\u00a0rusk\u00fdch pluc\u00edch dost<\/em>) na\u0159\u00eddil v\u00a0prosinci 1805 tot\u00e9\u017e.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Prapory:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Posledn\u00ed v\u011bc\u00ed, o kter\u00e9 se v\u00a0tomto stru\u010dn\u00e9m popisu \u0159adov\u00e9 p\u011bchoty chci zm\u00ednit, jsou jej\u00ed <strong>prapory<\/strong>. Bude to op\u011bt pouze kr\u00e1tk\u00fd exkurz \u2013 jejich podrobn\u00fd soupis byl uve\u0159ejn\u011bn v\u00a0roce 2002 v\u00a0dnes ji\u017e bohu\u017eel zanikl\u00e9m \u010dasopisu Historia Militaris 1792-1815 a jeho opakov\u00e1n\u00ed si, z\u00a0prostorov\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f, nech\u00e1m na p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed rok.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Nad p\u011b\u0161\u00edmi pluky rusk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy vl\u00e1ly v\u00a0den bitvy prapory hned t\u0159\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch vzor\u016f. D\u016fvodem t\u00e9to kuriozity byla praporom\u00e1nie cara Pavla I. a pokus jeho syna Alexandra o napraven\u00ed chaosu, kter\u00fd v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti jeho otec zp\u016fsobil. Prvn\u00edm ze zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch vzor\u016f byl <strong>prapor 1797<\/strong> \u2013 jedin\u00fd vzor, kter\u00fdm byly vystrojeny skute\u010dn\u011b v\u0161echny v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b existuj\u00edc\u00ed pluky. Jeho nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm nedostatkem bylo, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00a0pluk\u016f musel m\u00edt svou jedine\u010dnou barevnou a geometrickou kombinaci. Pro mal\u00ed\u0159e, kte\u0159\u00ed se na n\u00e1vrz\u00edch praporu pod\u00edleli \/Pavel osobn\u011b potvrzoval prapor ka\u017ed\u00e9ho pluku\/, to byla lah\u016fdka. H\u016f\u0159e u\u017e na tom byli velitel\u00e9 diviz\u00ed a sbor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed museli m\u00edt po boku d\u016fstojn\u00edka s\u00a0objemn\u00fdm lexikonem, aby bylo mo\u017eno pluky podle jejich prapor\u016f v\u016fbec identifikovat. Byl to tak\u00e9 jedin\u00fd prapor, kter\u00fd nenesl inici\u00e1lu panovn\u00edka \u2013 jeho grafick\u00e1 v\u00fdzdoba byla velmi st\u0159\u00eddm\u00e1. Ur\u010dit\u00fdm paradoxem je, \u017ee a\u010dkoliv m\u011bl b\u00fdt postupn\u011b nahrazen hned dv\u011bma n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmi vzory, dovedl mnoho pluk\u016f a\u017e do bran Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee a je\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0roce 1914 vedl znovu jeden z\u00a0rusk\u00fdch pluk\u016f do boje. Nad ka\u017ed\u00fdm plukem vl\u00e1lo prapor\u016f hned \u0161est \u2013 ka\u017ed\u00e9mu batalionu byly p\u0159id\u011bleny dva. U prvn\u00edho batalionu byl jeden z\u00a0nich naz\u00fdv\u00e1n plukovn\u00edm, nebo tak\u00e9 \u201eb\u00edl\u00fdm\u201c \u2013 ten m\u011bl odli\u0161nou barevnou kombinaci. Zbyl\u00fdch p\u011bt \u201ebatalionn\u00edch\u201c prapor\u016f bylo naprosto shodn\u00fdch.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 30px\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/4-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-16205 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/4-1-300x298.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/4-1-300x298.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/4-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/4-1-768x763.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/4-1-302x300.jpg 302w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/4-1.jpg 975w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Batalionn\u00ed prapor vz. 1797 jednoho z\u00a0rusk\u00fdch pluk\u016f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">Rozm\u011bry pl\u00e1tna 142&#215;142 cm, d\u00e9lka \u017eerd\u011b i s\u00a0hlavic\u00ed 340 cm; materi\u00e1l pl\u00e1tna \u2013 hedv\u00e1bn\u00e1 tkanina.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\"><em>(zde je nutno pon\u011bkud redukovat sc\u00e9ny z\u00a0p\u0159ihloupl\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch film\u016f, ve kter\u00fdch kadet \u2013 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 je\u0161t\u011b d\u00edt\u011b \u2013 jednou rukou t\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 prapor a druhou zved\u00e1 v\u00e1haj\u00edc\u00ed batalion do \u00fatoku)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">Kuriozn\u00ed situace nastala v\u00a0roce 1799. V\u00a0dob\u011b, kdy k\u00a0posledn\u00edm pluk\u016fm p\u0159ich\u00e1zely prapory v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho vzoru, zav\u00e1d\u00ed Pavel novou verzi praporu \u2013 tzv. inspek\u010dn\u00ed prapor. I jemu samotn\u00e9mu toti\u017e z\u0159ejm\u011b do\u0161lo, \u017ee barevn\u00e9 a geometrick\u00e9 varianty maj\u00ed sv\u00e9 hranice. Nov\u00fd prapor m\u011bl b\u00fdt jednotn\u00e9ho vzhledu pro v\u0161echny p\u011b\u0161\u00ed pluky v\u00a0jedn\u00e9 inspekci. K\u00a0prvn\u00edm pluk\u016fm p\u0159i\u0161el v\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm roce a je zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako <strong>vz. 1800<\/strong>. N\u00e1s ale bude zaj\u00edmat jeho \u010destn\u00e1 verze, ud\u011blovan\u00e1 jako kolektivn\u00ed odm\u011bna za state\u010dn\u00fd \u010din \/v t\u00e9 dob\u011b jedin\u00fdm krit\u00e9riem bylo uko\u0159ist\u011bn\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9ho praporu\/ cel\u00fdm pluk\u016fm. D\u016fvod ud\u011blen\u00ed byl vy\u0161it do modr\u00e9 \u2013 andrejevsk\u00e9- stuhy pod pa\u0159\u00e1ty orla. Pod prapory tohoto vzoru se u Slavkova bily dva pluky: Archangelgorodsk\u00fd a Smolensk\u00fd. Jeliko\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 z\u00a0inspekc\u00ed m\u011bla svou barevnou kombinaci a ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00a0pluk\u016f n\u00e1le\u017eel k\u00a0jin\u00e9, byl prapor Archangelgorodsk\u00e9ho pluku v\u00a0kombinaci <strong>\u010derven\u00e1\/\u010dern\u00e1<\/strong> a Smolensk\u00e9ho pluku <strong>\u017elut\u00e1\/b\u00edl\u00e1<\/strong>. U plukovn\u00edho praporu byly tyto barvy v\u00a0tzv. \u00fahlech. Dal\u0161\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed bylo, \u017ee jejich prapory byly jaksi \u201ekolkovan\u00e9\u201c. P\u016fvodn\u011b nesly v\u00a0roz\u00edch Pavl\u016fv monogram, Alexandr v\u00a0roce 1804 potvrdil jejich platnost t\u00edm, \u017ee nechal zm\u011bnit otc\u016fv monogram za sv\u016fj.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong>\u010cestn\u00e1 verze vz. 1800 <\/strong><em>&#8211; plukovn\u00ed prapor Archangelgorodsk\u00e9ho pluku. Batalionn\u00ed prapory m\u011bly ramena k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee \u010dern\u00e1, \u00fahly \u010derven\u00e9.<\/em> Rozm\u011bry shodn\u00e9 s\u00a0praporem vz. 1797<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/5-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-16206 size-medium alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/5-1-298x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"298\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/5-1-298x300.jpg 298w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/5-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/5-1-768x773.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/5-1.jpg 852w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\" \/><\/a><\/strong>N\u00e1pis na praporech <strong>Archangelgorodsk\u00e9ho<\/strong> pluku \/<em>foneticky<\/em>\/: \u201eZa vzjatije francuzskovo znameni na gorach Alpijskich\u201c<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">N\u00e1pis na praporech <strong>Smolensk\u00e9ho<\/strong> pluku \/<em>foneticky<\/em>\/: \u201eZa vzjatije francuzskich znameni na gorach Alpijskich\u201c (<em>pluk uko\u0159istil dva francouzsk\u00e9 prapory<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">Plukovn\u00ed prapor Smolensk\u00e9ho pluku m\u011bl ramena \u017eluto-b\u00edl\u00e1, batalionn\u00ed prapory m\u011bly \u017elut\u00fd k\u0159\u00ed\u017e, b\u00edl\u00e9 \u00fahly.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">Vzhledem k\u00a0Pavlov\u011b smrti v\u00a0roce 1801 a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9mu n\u00e1stupu jeho syna na carsk\u00fd tr\u016fn se prapory tohoto vzoru nesta\u010dily p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it. U\u017e v\u00a0roce 1803 vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 Alexandr I. prvn\u00ed ze sv\u00fdch vzor\u016f p\u011bchotn\u00edho praporu, zn\u00e1mou jako <strong>vz. 1803<\/strong>. Tak\u00e9 tento prapor byl zam\u00fd\u0161len jako inspek\u010dn\u00ed, byl ale p\u0159ednostn\u011b p\u0159id\u011blov\u00e1n nov\u011b postaven\u00fdm pluk\u016fm. Shodou n\u00e1hod byly na slavkovsk\u00e9m boji\u0161ti tak\u00e9 pouze dva: Hali\u010dsk\u00fd a Podolsk\u00fd, ka\u017ed\u00fd op\u011bt z\u00a0jin\u00e9 inspekce a tedy i s\u00a0jinou barvou ramen k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\">U tohoto vzoru byl plukovn\u00ed prapor skute\u010dn\u011b b\u00edl\u00fd, pouze se st\u0159edov\u00fdm kruhem a panovnick\u00fdmi monogramy. \u010cestn\u00e1 varianta tohoto vzoru \u2013 tzv. Georgijevsk\u00fd prapor \u2013 byla zavedena a\u017e v\u00a0roce 1806, prvn\u00ed z\u00a0nich byly ale ud\u011blov\u00e1ny zp\u011btn\u011b za boje u Sch\u00f6ngrabernu. <em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Prapor vz. 1803<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type='text\/css'>\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 50%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-16191 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-medium'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/7-1.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/7-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/7-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/7-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/7-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/7-1-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/7-1.jpg 1068w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/6-1.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"267\" src=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/6-1-300x267.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/6-1-300x267.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/6-1-150x133.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/6-1-768x683.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/6-1-1024x911.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/6-1-337x300.jpg 337w, https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/6-1.jpg 1908w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Skute\u010dn\u00fd veter\u00e1n od Slavkova \u2013 pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jeden ze dvou zbyl\u00fdch batalionn\u00edch prapor\u016f Hali\u010dsk\u00e9ho pluku. Vedle celkov\u00fd vzhled batalionn\u00edho praporu jin\u00e9ho pluku. A je to z\u00e1rove\u0148 posledn\u00ed ze vzor\u016f p\u011bchotn\u00edch prapor\u016f, kter\u00e9 vedly pluky \u0159adov\u00e9 p\u011bchoty do boje. Skute\u010dn\u011b vedly, proto\u017ee m\u00edsto prapore\u010dnick\u00e9 skupiny v\u00a0linii bylo uprost\u0159ed sestavy ka\u017ed\u00e9ho batalionu. Za pochodu cel\u00e9 linie vp\u0159ed, vykro\u010dil v\u017edy prvn\u00ed z\u00a0obou prapore\u010dn\u00edk\u016f se svou str\u00e1\u017e\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i kroky p\u0159ed sestavu a cel\u00fd batalion \u0159\u00eddil rychlost kroku podle n\u011bho. K\u0159\u00eddeln\u00ed bataliony vyrovn\u00e1valy svou rychlost podle st\u0159edov\u00e9ho batalionu sestavy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">N\u011bkter\u00e9 pluky o \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00fdch prapor\u016f v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu ta\u017een\u00ed a bitvy p\u0159i\u0161ly. Kter\u00e9 z\u00a0nich to byly a jak\u00e9 sankce n\u00e1sledovaly \u2013 to v\u0161e se \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 dozv\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 kapitole \u201erusk\u00e9\u201c \u010d\u00e1sti, kde bude pops\u00e1no \u00fa\u010dtov\u00e1n\u00ed . S\u00a0p\u011bchotou se v\u0161ak je\u0161t\u011b \u00fapln\u011b nelou\u010d\u00edme \u2013 v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edloze \u010d\u00edslo 1 je uveden p\u0159ehled barevn\u00e9ho rozli\u0161en\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch pluk\u016f a jejich dislokace.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/ruska-armada-v-bitve-u-austerlitzu-v-roce-1805\/\"><em>Zp\u011bt na obsah.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u010d\u00edslov\u00e1n\u00ed batalion\u016f, kter\u00e9 je pou\u017eito i v\u00a0t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci je nedobov\u00e9 (zavedeno bylo a\u017e po roce 1810). V\u00a0popisovan\u00e9 dob\u011b byly bataliony naz\u00fdv\u00e1ny: <em>batalion \u0161\u00e9fa pluku<\/em> (I.), <em>batalion podplukovn\u00edka<\/em> (II.) a <em>batalion plukovn\u00edka<\/em> (III.). Stejn\u011b tak roty byly naz\u00fdv\u00e1ny jm\u00e9nem sv\u00e9ho velitele \u2013 nap\u0159. <em>mu\u0161ket\u00fdrsk\u00e1 rota kpt. Markova<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Zpracov\u00e1no podle \u00fadaj\u016f I.E. Uljanova v\u00a0pr\u00e1ci <em>\u201eReguljarnaja p\u011bchota russkoj armii\u201c<\/em>, Moskva 1997<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> viz samostatn\u00e1 pas\u00e1\u017e<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> soukrom\u00e1 arm\u00e1da n\u00e1sledn\u00edka tr\u016fnu Pavla (<em>pozd\u011bji cara Pavla I<\/em>.). Stala se z\u00e1kladem panovnick\u00e9 Gardy v\u00a0obdob\u00ed jeho panov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Karel Kl\u00e1til: Arm\u00e1da rusk\u00e9ho cara od A do Z &#8211; rusk\u00e1 p\u011bchota, taktika, v\u00fdzbroj, v\u00fdstroj, prapory.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,6214],"tags":[5875,5950,5947],"class_list":["post-16191","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-texty_bez_rubriky","tag-bitva-u-slavkova","tag-ruska-armada","tag-ruska-pechota"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16191","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16191"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16191\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16854,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16191\/revisions\/16854"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16191"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16191"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16191"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}