{"id":16264,"date":"2020-03-06T11:26:19","date_gmt":"2020-03-06T09:26:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/?p=16264"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:32:45","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:32:45","slug":"ruska-armada-1805-iii-armada-ruskeho-cara-od-a-do-z-jezdectvo-dragouni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/ruska-armada-1805-iii-armada-ruskeho-cara-od-a-do-z-jezdectvo-dragouni\/","title":{"rendered":"Rusk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da 1805 \u2013 III. Arm\u00e1da rusk\u00e9ho cara od A do Z (jezdectvo \u2013 dragouni)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Karel Kl\u00e1til: Rusk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da v bitv\u011b u Austerlitzu v roce 1805<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Jezdectvo<\/h4>\n

Dragouni<\/h3>\n

Organizace dragounsk\u00e9ho pluku<\/strong> byla toto\u017en\u00e1 s\u00a0kyrysnick\u00fdm \u2013 li\u0161ila se pouze po\u010dty. Dragounsk\u00fd pluk m\u011bl 945<\/strong> mu\u017e\u016f tabulkov\u00e9ho stavu, jeho bojov\u00e9 po\u010dty \u010dinily 761<\/strong> mu\u017e\u016f, 725<\/strong> \u0159adov\u00fdch a 36<\/strong> d\u016fstojnick\u00fdch kon\u00ed. V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 po\u010dty operuj\u00edc\u00ed<\/strong> eskadrony byly 148<\/strong> mu\u017e\u016f (z toho 5 ne\u0159adov\u00fdch<\/em>), 137<\/strong> \u0159adov\u00fdch a 6 <\/strong>d\u016fstojnick\u00fdch kon\u00ed. Ve\u0161ker\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed po\u010dty jsou stejn\u00e9 a jsou podrobn\u011b uvedeny v\u00a0P\u0159\u00edloze 3.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdstroj\"\"<\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\n

30. dubna 1802 byl ustaven stejnokroj dragounsk\u00fdch pluk\u016f, skl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se z\u00a0klobouku, ko\u017een\u00e9 p\u0159ilby, kab\u00e1tce, kalhot, n\u00e1vlekov\u00fdch kalhot pro slu\u017ebu v\u00a0sedle, n\u00e1kr\u010dn\u00edku, pl\u00e1\u0161t\u011bnky a pl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b, kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch holinek, ko\u017e\u00ed\u0161ku, rukavic a obvykl\u00e9ho pr\u00e1dla. V\u00fdstroj dragouna byla koncipov\u00e1na tak, aby vyhovovala jak pro slu\u017ebu v\u00a0sedle, tak i p\u011b\u0161ky a byla v\u00a0dan\u00e9 dob\u011b asi nejprakti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdstroj\u00ed v\u00a0rusk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b. Pro jezdeck\u00e9 d\u011blost\u0159electvo byla zvolena pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00fdstroj dragoun\u016f (viz d\u00e1le<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Kab\u00e1tec<\/p>\n

P\u0159es to, \u017ee se sv\u00fdm st\u0159ihem podobal kyrysnick\u00e9mu koletu, je uv\u00e1d\u011bn jako kab\u00e1tec. Zhotoven byl ze sukna sv\u011btle zelen\u00e9 barvy (toto\u017en\u00e9 s\u00a0mysliveck\u00fdmi stejnokroji<\/em>), jeho pod\u0161it\u00ed a vylo\u017een\u00ed ven obr\u00e1cen\u00fdch \u0161os\u016f bylo, stejn\u011b jako lemy, z\u00a0\u010derven\u00e9ho sukna. D\u016fstojn\u00edci\u00a0 nosili vylo\u017een\u00ed z\u00a0\u010derven\u00e9ho sametu. Vysok\u00fd stojat\u00fd l\u00edmec, man\u017eety a n\u00e1ramen\u00edk na lev\u00e9m rameni byly v\u00a0plukovn\u00ed barv\u011b (viz P\u0159\u00edloha 3<\/em>), knofl\u00edky kab\u00e1tce byly bu\u010f ze mosazi, nebo z\u00a0b\u00edl\u00e9ho kovu. Rozli\u0161ovac\u00ed znaky podd\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f a hudebn\u00edk\u016f byly shodn\u00e9 s\u00a0kyrysnick\u00fdmi kolety.<\/p>\n

Pokr\u00fdvka hlavy<\/p>\n

Ve stejn\u00e9 dob\u011b jako kyrysn\u00edci, obdr\u017eeli dragouni pro slu\u017ebu a poln\u00ed ta\u017een\u00ed ko\u017eenou p\u0159ilbu s\u00a0vysok\u00fdm zvonem. Jej\u00ed popis je uveden v\u00a0kyrysnick\u00e9 v\u00fdstroji. Ozna\u010den\u00ed podd\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f, d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f a hudebn\u00edk\u016f bylo toto\u017en\u00e9. Mimo slu\u017ebu st\u00e1le nosili sv\u00e9 klobouky \u2013 d\u016fstojn\u00edci s\u00a0p\u00e9\u0159ovou ozdobou, jako u p\u011bchoty.<\/p>\n

Kalhoty\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Soukenn\u00e9 b\u00edl\u00e9 kalhoty byly stejn\u00e9ho st\u0159ihu, jako u \u0159adov\u00e9 p\u011bchoty. Pro p\u011b\u0161\u00ed slu\u017ebu byly vyd\u00e1v\u00e1ny i letn\u00ed kalhoty z\u00a0b\u00edl\u00e9ho vl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho pl\u00e1tna. Pro slu\u017ebu v\u00a0sedle nosili dragouni n\u00e1vlekov\u00e9 kalhoty \u2013 stejn\u00e9 jako kyrysn\u00edci.<\/p>\n

Boty<\/p>\n

P\u0159es to, \u017ee dragouni u\u017e byli pova\u017eov\u00e1ni pouze za jezdeck\u00e9 \u00fatvary, sv\u00e9 p\u011b\u0161\u00e1ck\u00e9 minulosti se jen tak rychle nezbavili. Projevilo se to i na pon\u011bkud \u201elid\u0161t\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\u201c slu\u017eebn\u00ed obuvi \u2013 nenosili vysok\u00e9 jezdeck\u00e9 boty, ale i k\u00a0soukenn\u00fdm kalhot\u00e1m polovysok\u00e9 hol\u00ednky z\u00a0m\u011bkk\u00e9 \u010dern\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ee. Tyt\u00e9\u017e boty obouvali pod n\u00e1vlekov\u00e9 kalhoty.<\/p>\n

Pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 a ostatn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1stky stejnokroje<\/p>\n

Ve\u0161ker\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdbava dragouna byla shodn\u00e1 s\u00a0kyrysnickou, li\u0161ily se pouze sou\u010d\u00e1stky spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0v\u00fdzbroj\u00ed \u2013 o t\u011bch bude \u0159e\u010d ve spole\u010dn\u00e9m popisu v\u00fdzbroje t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho jezdectva.<\/p>\n

K\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmu vybaven\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 eskadrony (i kyrysnick\u00e9<\/em>) n\u00e1le\u017eelo 16 m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdch kotl\u016f s\u00a0poklic\u00ed, 16 kos, 15 seker, 8 lopat a 4 motyky \u2013 t\u0159i posledn\u011b jmenovan\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti s\u00a0ko\u017een\u00fdmi pouzdry a z\u00e1v\u011bsy pro p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017een\u00ed v\u00a0sedle.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Se\"\"<\/a>dlov\u00e1 v\u00fdstroj<\/strong><\/p>\n

Na rozd\u00edl od kyrysn\u00edk\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvali dragouni lehk\u00e1 sedla tzv. \u201euhersk\u00e9ho\u201c typu (ta byla a\u017e do roku 1797 zavedena v\u00a0cel\u00e9m jezdectvu<\/em>). Bl\u00ed\u017ee o nich ve zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edloze. Sedla i s\u00a0holstry pro pistole p\u0159ekr\u00fdval valtran<\/em> \u2013 sedlov\u00e1 pokr\u00fdvka, spoe\u010dn\u00e1 pro dragouny, husary i hul\u00e1ny. Objemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1sti v\u00fdstroje vozil dragoun v\u00a0tzv. sedlov\u00e9m kufru ov\u00e1ln\u00e9ho pr\u016f\u0159ezu, kter\u00fd byl vyroben ze siln\u00e9ho pl\u00e1tna \u0161ed\u00e9 barvy a p\u0159ipevn\u011bn vzadu za sedlem. Fur\u00e1\u017en\u00ed vak slou\u017eil, stejn\u011b jako u kyrysn\u00edk\u016f, k\u00a0p\u0159eprav\u011b z\u00e1soby obroku pro kon\u011b. P\u0159i del\u0161\u00edch pochodech m\u00edval jezdec p\u0159ed sebou \u010dasto tak\u00e9 otep sena, nebo sl\u00e1my. Dal\u0161\u00ed detaily \u2013 z\u00e1v\u011bsy pro hlave\u0148 pu\u0161ky a standarty \u2013 shodn\u00e9 s\u00a0kyrysnick\u00fdm postrojem.<\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 dragounsk\u00fd k\u016f\u0148 m\u011bl p\u0159edepsan\u00e9 m\u00edry \u2013 maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 154cm, minim\u00e1ln\u011b 150 cm v\u00a0kohoutku, na barv\u011b srsti nez\u00e1le\u017eelo (kon\u011b podle barvy srsti se v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b vyb\u00edrali pouze u jezdectva Gardy<\/em>). Za dragounsk\u00e9ho kon\u011b, bez postroje, platila arm\u00e1da 50 rubl\u016f.<\/p>\n

Taktika<\/h4>\n

Dragouni u\u017e d\u00e1vno nebyli pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za jezdeckou p\u011bchotu \u2013 za Panov\u00e1n\u00ed Pavla I. \u201ebyli p\u0159ijati\u201c<\/em> mezi pravideln\u00e9 jezdectvo. P\u011b\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdcvik jim v\u0161ak z\u016fstal a byli tak schopni bojovat i jako lehk\u00e1 p\u011bchota (viz cesta Podolsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy a p\u011b\u0161\u00ed od\u0159ady od dvou dragounsk\u00fdch pluk\u016f\u00a0 v\u00a0I. kapitole<\/em>) \u2013 tomu ostatn\u011b odpov\u00eddaly i jejich paln\u00e9 zbran\u011b, jak bude zm\u00edn\u011bno d\u00e1le. Dragouni jako jezdectvo \u00fato\u010dili v\u00a0sev\u0159en\u00e9m tvaru kyrysnick\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem (toto\u017en\u00e9 bylo i rozm\u00edstn\u011bn\u00ed eskadron ve sledech a jejich vzd\u00e1lenosti<\/em>), byli ale cvi\u010deni i v\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed sestavy rozev\u0159en\u00e9 \u2013 tzv. razsypnyj stroj<\/em>. Tato \u0161irok\u00e1 rojnice se pou\u017e\u00edvala p\u0159i pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed rozpr\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 p\u011bchoty, nebo p\u0159i zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edch rozpr\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch jednotek \u2013 dragounsk\u00e9 eskadrony byly v\u00a0popisovan\u00e9 dob\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny i jako poln\u00ed \u010detnictvo, speci\u00e1ln\u00ed jednotky tohoto druhu rusk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da je\u0161t\u011b nem\u011bla. Zaj\u00edmavou taktikou bylo odst\u0159elov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dela \u010dtverhranu. Dragouni se p\u0159i n\u00ed vraceli ke karakole, kterou pou\u017e\u00edvali jejich p\u0159edch\u016fdci v\u00a0bitv\u00e1ch T\u0159icetilet\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.<\/p>\n

O co \u0161lo \u2013 jedna, nebo dv\u011b\u00a0 eskadrony vytvo\u0159ily t\u0159\u00ed\u0159adou sestavu v\u00a0dostate\u010dn\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti od p\u011bchotn\u00edho \u010dtverhranu, kter\u00fd m\u011bly naru\u0161it. Zbyl\u00e9 eskadrony pluku se zformovaly v\u00a0klasick\u00e9 \u00fato\u010dn\u00e9 formaci a vy\u010dk\u00e1valy. Jednotliv\u00e9 \u0159ady eskadrony (eskadron<\/em>) u\u010den\u00e9 k\u00a0odst\u0159elov\u00e1n\u00ed provedly obrat vlevo a v\u00a0z\u00e1stupech, \u0159ad za \u0159adem, proj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bly p\u0159ed \u010dtverhranem, kter\u00fd odst\u0159elovaly z\u00a0pu\u0161ek. Po n\u00e1vratu do v\u00fdchoz\u00edho postaven\u00ed nabily \u0159ady zbran\u011b a celou \u010dinnost opakovaly. Jakmile do\u0161lo k\u00a0dostate\u010dn\u00e9mu naru\u0161en\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 formace, vyrazily zbyl\u00e9 eskadrony pluku k\u00a0\u010deln\u00edmu \u00fatoku, \u201eodst\u0159elovac\u00ed\u201c<\/em> eskadrony se p\u0159idaly jako druh\u00fd sled. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem byli i dragouni schopni prolomit p\u011bchotn\u00ed \u010dtverhran \u2013 \u201enepotulovali-li\u201c se ov\u0161em pobl\u00ed\u017e nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u0161t\u00ed kyrysn\u00edci, nebo dragouni. V\u00a0takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b b\u00fdvalo od takov\u00e9ho pokusu zpravidla upu\u0161t\u011bno. Mimo boj byly \u010dety od dragounsk\u00fdch eskadron \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny k\u00a0hl\u00eddkov\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, nebo ochran\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch \u0161t\u00e1b\u016f. P\u0159i dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u0148mi m\u011bly pochopiteln\u011b p\u0159ednost kyrysnick\u00e9 pluky a tak se st\u00e1valo (a bylo to obvykl\u00e9 i v\u00a0ostatn\u00edch arm\u00e1d\u00e1ch<\/em>), \u017ee p\u0159i nedostatku kon\u00ed byly n\u011bkter\u00e9 eskadrony p\u0159evedeny do p\u011b\u0161\u00edho stavu \u2013 do t\u00e9 doby, ne\u017e se poda\u0159ilo kon\u011b sehnat. Jejich sedlov\u00e1 v\u00fdstroj se v\u00a0takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017eela na povozech pluku.<\/p>\n

Zp\u011bt na obsah.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Organizace dragounsk\u00e9ho pluku byla toto\u017en\u00e1 s kyrysnick\u00fdm \u2013 li\u0161ila se pouze po\u010dty.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":16267,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,6214],"tags":[6252,6029,6247],"class_list":["post-16264","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-texty_bez_rubriky","tag-dragouni","tag-jezdectvo","tag-ruska-armada-1805"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16264","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16264"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16264\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16271,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16264\/revisions\/16271"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16267"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16264"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16264"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16264"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}