{"id":16562,"date":"2020-12-19T11:50:37","date_gmt":"2020-12-19T09:50:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/?p=16562"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:32:44","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:32:44","slug":"ruska-armada-1805-iii-armada-ruskeho-cara-od-a-do-z-kozaci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/ruska-armada-1805-iii-armada-ruskeho-cara-od-a-do-z-kozaci\/","title":{"rendered":"Rusk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da 1805 \u2013 III. Arm\u00e1da rusk\u00e9ho cara od A do Z (koz\u00e1ci)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Karel Kl\u00e1til: Rusk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da v bitv\u011b u Austerlitzu v roce 1805<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Koz\u00e1ci <\/strong>(viz tak\u00e9 P\u0159\u00edloha \u010d\u00eds. 3<\/em>)<\/p>\n

Tento druh ne\u0159adov\u00e9ho<\/strong> (nepravideln\u00e9ho<\/em>) vojska nechyb\u00ed v\u00a0\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci pojedn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed o boj\u00edch rusk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy v\u00a0napoleonsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch. M\u00e1lokdo z\u00a0jej\u00edch \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f (a \u010dasto i jejich autor\u016f<\/em>) si ale dok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159edstavit, co se skr\u00fdv\u00e1 pod pojmem koz\u00e1ck\u00e9 vojsko a koz\u00e1ck\u00fd pluk, \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pojem ataman tam, kde nepat\u0159\u00ed\u2026 Pokus\u00edm se v\u00a0kr\u00e1tkosti vysv\u011btlit kdo byli a jak byli organizov\u00e1ni koz\u00e1ci.<\/p>\n

Koz\u00e1ck\u00e1 vojska<\/strong><\/p>\n

Koz\u00e1ck\u00e9 vojsko<\/em> je term\u00edn pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd pro souhrnn\u00e9 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed odd\u00edl\u016f, postaven\u00fdch z\u00a0jednoho koz\u00e1ck\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed<\/u>. V\u00a0popisovan\u00fdch letech existovalo koz\u00e1ck\u00e9 vojsko Donsk\u00e9<\/strong> (bylo nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed<\/em>), Uralsk\u00e9<\/strong>, \u010cernomo\u0159sk\u00e9<\/strong> a Orenburgsk\u00e9<\/strong>. Ostatn\u00ed oblasti ob\u00fdvan\u00e9 koz\u00e1ky stav\u011bly men\u0161\u00ed, samostatn\u00e9 odd\u00edly. Oblasti jednotliv\u00fdch koz\u00e1ctev byly samospr\u00e1vn\u00e9, jedin\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edkem dosazen\u00fdm panovn\u00edkem byl vojskov\u00fd ataman<\/strong> (n\u011bkdy naz\u00fdvan\u00fd t\u00e9\u017e<\/em> nakaznyj<\/strong> \u2013 p\u0159ik\u00e1zan\u00fd<\/em>). V\u016fd\u010d\u00ed postaven\u00ed m\u011blo v\u017edy koz\u00e1ctvo Donsk\u00e9 \u2013 vzhledem k\u00a0jeho po\u010detnosti byl jeho vojskov\u00fd ataman v\u017edy vrchn\u00edm velitelem v\u0161ech koz\u00e1ck\u00fdch vojsk. A proto\u017ee se ta\u017een\u00ed 1805 z\u00fa\u010dastnily pouze<\/strong> pluky\u00a0 Vsjevelikovo Vojska Donskovo<\/em> (tak zn\u011bl jeho ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1zev<\/em>) vysv\u011btl\u00edm na n\u011bm (stru\u010dn\u011b \u2013 podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed by vydalo na celou tuto pr\u00e1ci<\/em>) organizaci koz\u00e1ck\u00fdch vojsk.<\/p>\n

Oblast Donsk\u00e9ho vojska byla v\u00a0roce 1802 rozd\u011blena na sedm okruh\u016f. Ka\u017ed\u00fd mu\u017esk\u00fd obyvatel schopn\u00fd slu\u017eby byl povinen t\u0159icetiletou vojenskou slu\u017ebou od sv\u00fdch dvaceti let, s\u00a0vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdzbroj\u00ed a dv\u011bma ko\u0148mi. Jednotliv\u00e9 pluky slou\u017eily ur\u010ditou dobu tam, kam byly odesl\u00e1ny (mluv\u00edme o dob\u011b m\u00edru<\/em>), po vyst\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed se vr\u00e1tily na sv\u00e9 domovsk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed, kde byly v\u00a0z\u00e1loze. Byl-li vyhl\u00e1\u0161en stav v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd, obdr\u017eel vojskov\u00fd ataman po\u017eadavek na po\u010det mu\u017e\u016f, kter\u00e9 bylo vojsko povinno postavit do pole, kter\u00fd rozeslal k\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdm kure\u0148\u016fm <\/strong>(men\u0161\u00ed samospr\u00e1vn\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed<\/em>). Kure\u0148ov\u00fd ataman<\/strong> sestavil jmenn\u00fd seznam koz\u00e1k\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed podle pravidel p\u0159ich\u00e1zeli v\u00a0\u00favahu a vyzval je k\u00a0n\u00e1stupu do slu\u017eby. Po zformov\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch pluk\u016f potvrdil jejich plukovn\u00edky a d\u016fstojnick\u00fd sbor osobn\u011b vojskov\u00fd ataman.<\/p>\n

Organizace<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Vasilij Timofejevi\u010d D\u011bnisov<\/p><\/div>\n

V\u00a0roce 1802 vydan\u00e1 Pravidla slu\u017eby koz\u00e1k\u016f<\/em>, p\u0159edpis upravuj\u00edc\u00ed podm\u00ednky jejich povinnost\u00ed a slu\u017eby, sjednotila pon\u011bkud rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bnou organizaci koz\u00e1ck\u00fdch pluk\u016f v\u0161ech vojsk a jako v\u00fdchoz\u00ed stanovila pr\u00e1v\u011b organizaci donsk\u00fdch pluk\u016f:<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed taktickou jednotkou byla sot\u0148a \u2013 setina. Podle donsk\u00e9ho vzoru m\u011bly koz\u00e1ck\u00e9 pluky p\u011bt<\/strong> sotn\u00ed, celkem 578<\/strong> mu\u017e\u016f. Na rozd\u00edl od arm\u00e1dn\u00edch pluk\u016f m\u011bly koz\u00e1ck\u00e9 minim\u00e1ln\u00ed tr\u00e9n \u2013 20 k\u00e1r ta\u017een\u00fdch voly (p\u0159i ta\u017een\u00ed za hranice byli voli m\u011bn\u011bni za ta\u017en\u00e9 kon\u011b<\/em>). Orenburgsk\u00e9 koz\u00e1c\u00e9 vojsko stav\u011blo do pole Tis\u00edcov\u00fd<\/em><\/strong> pluk o deseti sotn\u00edch. Tak\u00e9 koz\u00e1ck\u00e9 vojsko m\u011blo sv\u016fj \u201et\u011blesn\u00fd\u201c pluk. P\u0159i poln\u00edm ta\u017een\u00ed doprov\u00e1zel vojskov\u00e9ho atamana ( pokud se ta\u017een\u00ed z\u00fa\u010dastnil<\/em>) Atamansk\u00fd<\/strong> pluk.<\/p>\n

Nebyl-li vojskov\u00fd ataman na ta\u017een\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomen, p\u0159ed\u00e1val sv\u00e9 pravomoci pochodov\u00e9mu <\/strong>atamanovi, kter\u00fd na ta\u017een\u00ed funkci vrchn\u00edho velitele vykon\u00e1val (musel b\u00fdt pochopiteln\u011b schv\u00e1len panovn\u00edkem<\/em>). A to je pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad na\u0161\u00ed bitvy \u2013 vojskov\u00fd ataman Matv\u011bj Platov se ta\u017een\u00ed nez\u00fa\u010dastnil a velen\u00edm nad dev\u00edti donsk\u00fdmi pluky p\u0159edal pochodov\u00e9mu atamanovi Vasiliji Timofejevi\u010di D\u011bnisovovi<\/strong>. A to je tak\u00e9 jedin\u00fd z\u00a0koz\u00e1ck\u00fdch plukovn\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00e9ho mohu p\u0159edstavit i portr\u00e9tem. Ten samoz\u0159ejm\u011b poch\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0doby po roce 1812 a stejnokroj odpov\u00edd\u00e1 dob\u011b vzniku portr\u00e9tu.<\/em><\/p>\n

Se jm\u00e9ny koz\u00e1ck\u00fdch plukovn\u00edk\u016f je v\u016fbec pot\u00ed\u017e. Pluky byly naz\u00fdv\u00e1ny jejich jm\u00e9ny, k\u0159estn\u00ed jm\u00e9na a jm\u00e9na po otci se ale zpravidla nikde neuv\u00e1d\u00ed. A proto\u017ee tito plukovn\u00edci v\u011bt\u0161inou poch\u00e1zeli z\u00a0rodin koz\u00e1ck\u00e9 nobility, kde se v\u011bt\u0161ina syn\u016f, vnuk\u016f a pravnuk\u016f st\u00e1vala plukovn\u00edky, je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 vystopovat, kter\u00fd z\u00a0Isajev\u016f, Gord\u011bjev\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch byl plukovn\u00edkem pr\u00e1v\u011b toho \u201ena\u0161eho\u201c pluku. \u010cten\u00e1\u0159i proto mus\u00ed sta\u010dit prost\u00fd v\u00fd\u010det z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch pluk\u016f:<\/p>\n

Sysojeva-1, Melent\u011bva, D\u011bnisova, Isajeva, Kiseleva, Malachova, Chan\u017eenkova-1, Gord\u011bjeva a Melent\u011bva.<\/strong> O rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed koz\u00e1ck\u00fdch hodnost\u00ed a o podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed organizaci koz\u00e1ck\u00e9ho pluku je pojedn\u00e1no v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edloze.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdstroj<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edt\u00e1m \u010dasto (a bohu\u017eel i v\u00a0pr\u00e1ci autora, kter\u00e9ho si nesm\u00edrn\u011b v\u00e1\u017e\u00edm<\/em>), \u017ee \u201ekoz\u00e1ci v\u00a0roce 1805 je\u0161t\u011b nem\u011bli jednotnou v\u00fdstroj a p\u016fsobili pestr\u00fdm dojmem\u2026\u201c<\/em> \u2013 pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jen nedostatek informac\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee omluvit tuto nepravdu. Koz\u00e1ci nosili stejnokroje ji\u017e v\u00a0dob\u011b Kate\u0159iny II.<\/u> a 18. srpna 1801<\/em><\/strong> byl Donsk\u00e9mu vojsku (pochopiteln\u011b i ostatn\u00edm existuj\u00edc\u00edm vojsk\u016fm<\/em>) stejnokroj obm\u011bn\u011bn nov\u00fdm vzorem. Stejnokroj Donsk\u00e9ho vojska po t\u00e9to \u00faprav\u011b vypadal n\u00e1sledovn\u011b:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010capka:<\/strong><\/p>\n

5 ver\u0161k\u016f (22 cm) vysok\u00fd kolpak z\u00a0\u010dern\u00e9 jehn\u011btiny s\u00a0pytlovit\u00fdm d\u00fdnkem z\u00a0\u010derven\u00e9ho sukna (nejprve bylo ponech\u00e1no na libov\u016fli plukovn\u00edka, na kterou stranu bude d\u00fdnko viset, pozd\u011bji byla na\u0159\u00edzena Donsk\u00e9mu vojsku prav\u00e1 strana \u010dapky<\/em>). Mu\u017estvo zdobilo \u010dapky vln\u011bn\u00fdmi \u0161\u0148\u016frami b\u00edl\u00e9 barvy se st\u0159apci, podd\u016fstojn\u00edci tradi\u010dn\u011b \u010derno\/b\u00edlo\/oran\u017eov\u00fdmi a d\u016fstojn\u00edci st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00fdmi. Sult\u00e1n z\u00a0b\u00edl\u00fdch per, u ko\u0159ene<\/u> (u v\u0161ech bez rozd\u00edlu<\/em>) s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs\u00ed \u010dern\u00e9 a oran\u017eov\u00e9 barvy, u mu\u017estva naho\u0159e<\/u> v\u00a0barv\u011b pluku. Podd\u016fstojn\u00edci m\u011bli i horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st v\u00a0oran\u017eovo \u010dern\u00e9 barv\u011b.<\/p>\n

\u010cekmen:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z\u00a0tmavomodr\u00e9ho sukna, lemov\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00edmce v\u00a0plukovn\u00ed barv\u011b \u2013 tu na\u0159izoval vojskov\u00fd ataman (a zat\u00edm, bohu\u017eel, nem\u00e1m k\u00a0dispozici soupis barevn\u00e9ho rozli\u0161en\u00ed Donsk\u00e9ho vojska z\u00a0tohoto obdob\u00ed<\/em>). \u010cekmen bylo na\u0159\u00edzeno nosit od z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed do kv\u011btna, v\u00a0letn\u00edm obdob\u00ed se povolovala kurtka (polokaftan<\/em>) stejn\u00e9 barvy.<\/p>\n

Kalhoty<\/strong> (\u0161arovary<\/em>):<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ze stejn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu a ve stejn\u00e9 barv\u011b jako \u010dekmen. Ve slu\u017eb\u011b se nosily zasunut\u00e9 do bot, mimo slu\u017ebu bylo povoleno je nosit p\u0159es n\u011b. \u0160irok\u00fd lampas op\u011bt v\u00a0plukovn\u00ed barv\u011b.<\/p>\n

Ku\u0161ak:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Soukenn\u00fd p\u00e1s, kter\u00fdm se p\u0159ep\u00e1s\u00e1val \u010dekmen. Jeho barva se nena\u0159izovala \u2013 volil ji plukovn\u00edk, ale u cel\u00e9ho pluku musely b\u00fdt tyto p\u00e1sy v\u00a0jednotn\u00e9 barv\u011b.<\/p>\n

Boty:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Polovysok\u00e9 m\u011bkk\u00e9 holinky, u podd\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f a d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f s\u00a0napevno p\u0159ipevn\u011bn\u00fdmi ostruhami.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1dlo a dal\u0161\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 v\u011bci si byl koz\u00e1k povinen opat\u0159ovat na vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1klady.<\/p>\n

Popsan\u00fd stejnokroj je tzv.<\/em> poln\u00ed<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 koz\u00e1ci m\u011bli je\u0161t\u011b dom\u00e1c\u00ed<\/strong> stejnokroj, kter\u00fd nosili na \u00fazem\u00ed sv\u00e9ho koz\u00e1ctva, byl-li jejich pluk mimo slu\u017ebu. Od poln\u00edho se li\u0161il pouze t\u00edm, \u017ee mu chyb\u011bly ozdobn\u00e9 dopl\u0148ky. Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee se mi t\u00edmto popisem poda\u0159ilo vyvr\u00e1tit polopravdy o oble\u010den\u00ed donsk\u00fdch koz\u00e1k\u016f (a koz\u00e1k\u016f v\u016fbec<\/em>). O rozli\u0161en\u00ed d\u016fstojnick\u00e9ho stejnokroje v\u00a0P\u0159\u00edloze 3.<\/p>\n

Sedlov\u00e1 v\u00fdstroj:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Koz\u00e1ci zpravidla pou\u017e\u00edvali sedla uhersk\u00e9ho typu. I kdy\u017e byli kon\u011b s\u00a0postrojem jejich majetkem, byl jim na\u0159\u00edzen vzhled \u010dabraky<\/strong>. Ta byla obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e1 (nikoliv tedy valtran, ale kyrysnick\u00e9ho vzoru<\/em>), tmav\u011b modr\u00e9 barvy s\u00a0lemov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00a0plukovn\u00ed barv\u011b.<\/p>\n

Taktika<\/strong><\/p>\n

O hl\u00eddkov\u00e1n\u00ed, pr\u016fzkumu a p\u0159epadech z\u00e1sobovac\u00edch jednotek nem\u00e1 cenu se zmi\u0148ovat \u2013 v\u00a0t\u00e9to \u010dinnosti se koz\u00e1ci vyrovn\u00e1vali husar\u016fm a zn\u00e1 je tak ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 literatury o napoleonsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch. Koz\u00e1ci v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b nebyli cvi\u010deni v\u00a0\u0159adov\u00e9 sestav\u011b (po roce 1807 v\u0161ak takov\u00fd v\u00fdcvik absolvovaly zejm\u00e9na donsk\u00e9 pluky<\/em>) a charakteristika \u017ee \u201enedok\u00e1zali rozvr\u00e1tit ani rotu myslivc\u016f\u201c<\/em> je pravdiv\u00e1.. Ov\u0161em jen potud, byla-li ona rota kompaktn\u00ed a s\u00a0vysokou mor\u00e1lkou. \u201eNa\u010dnut\u00e9\u201c<\/em> a v\u00a0nepo\u0159\u00e1dku ustupuj\u00edc\u00ed jednotky \u2013 to byla pro koz\u00e1ky p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost. Pak p\u0159i\u0161la ke slovu koz\u00e1ck\u00e1 l\u00e1va<\/strong> \u2013 zp\u016fsob \u00fatoku, kter\u00fd koz\u00e1ky proslavil na boji\u0161t\u00edch star\u00e9 Evropy. Jednotliv\u00e9 sotn\u011b se p\u0159es sebe p\u0159el\u00e9valy jako skute\u010dn\u00e1 l\u00e1va, byla-li jedna odra\u017eena, okam\u017eit\u011b uh\u00fdbala dal\u0161\u00ed, obracela ke zformov\u00e1n\u00ed a znovu. To v\u0161e za je\u010den\u00ed a \u0159evu \u2013 nic pro slab\u00e9 n\u00e1tury.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed taktikou byla s\u00ed\u0165<\/strong> \u2013 pou\u017e\u00edvala se k\u00a0pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed, pro\u010des\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ter\u00e9nu p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed zajatc\u016f. Nen\u00ed mysl\u00edm t\u0159eba ji \u0161\u00ed\u0159eji popisovat \u2013 jej\u00ed n\u00e1zev je v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00fd.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdzbroj<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zde je situace je\u0161t\u011b jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u2013 koz\u00e1ci se v\u00a0popisovan\u00e9 dob\u011b dostavovali ke sv\u00fdm pluk\u016fm s\u00a0vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdzbroj\u00ed a k\u00a0vid\u011bn\u00ed bylo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cokoliv. Od archaick\u00fdch pistol\u00ed a \u0161avl\u00ed d\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdch z\u00a0otc\u016f na syny, po ko\u0159istn\u00ed zbran\u011b z\u00a0tureck\u00fdch v\u00e1lek a suvorovsk\u00fdch ta\u017een\u00ed Evropou. V\u00a0z\u00e1sad\u011b je mo\u017eno \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee koz\u00e1ci byli vyzbrojeni jako lehk\u00e9 jezdectvo, velk\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina jich nosila i dlouhou palnou zbra\u0148. Pistole nosili p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b za ku\u0161aky, nebo v\u00a0kornoutov\u00fdch ko\u017een\u00fdch pouzdrech na opasku. \u010casto tak\u00e9 byla k\u00a0vid\u011bn\u00ed dlouh\u00e1 pistole, zav\u011b\u0161en\u00e1 na karabinov\u00e9m z\u00e1v\u011bsu dragounsk\u00e9ho bandal\u00edru a, hlavn\u00ed vzh\u016fru, zasunut\u00e1 do tuleje na hrudi. Takov\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem vyzbrojil p\u016fvodn\u011b sv\u00e9 gat\u010dinsk\u00e9 koz\u00e1ky Pavel I. Dvoumetrov\u00e1 p\u00edka \u2013 charakteristick\u00e1 zbra\u0148 koz\u00e1k\u016f – m\u011bla \u010derven\u011b nat\u0159en\u00e9 rati\u0161t\u011b s\u00a0velk\u00fdm ko\u017een\u00fdm okem k\u00a0zav\u011b\u0161en\u00ed na rameno. Donci na sv\u00e9 p\u00edky praporce nezav\u011b\u0161ovali.<\/p>\n

Prapory\"\"<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Velk\u00e1 nezn\u00e1m\u00e1 koz\u00e1ck\u00fdch pluk\u016f. Jako lehk\u00e9mu a nav\u00edc ne\u0159adov\u00e9mu jezdectvu jim standarty nen\u00e1le\u017eely. Prapor\u016f ale mn\u011blo Donsk\u00e9 vojsko n\u011bkolik \u2013 ka\u017ed\u00fd panovn\u00edk, po\u010d\u00ednaje Kate\u0159inou II. si sv\u00e9 koz\u00e1ky pot\u0159eboval zav\u00e1zat. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tohoto \u201ezavazov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c bylo i ud\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed prapor\u016f \u201eNa\u0161emu v\u011brn\u00e9mu Velik\u00e9mu Vojsku Donsk\u00e9mu\u201c <\/em>\u2013 tento n\u00e1pis se, spolu s\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm dlouh\u00fdm vyjmenov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u0161ech mo\u017en\u00fdch z\u00e1sluh, objevil na ka\u017ed\u00e9m z\u00a0t\u011bchto prapor\u016f. Alexandr po sv\u00e9m n\u00e1stupu v\u0161echny prapory potvrdil a ud\u011blil hned dal\u0161\u00ed exempl\u00e1\u0159. N\u011bkter\u00fd z\u00a0t\u011bch prapor\u016f vl\u00e1l s\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti pochodov\u00e9ho atamana \u2013 probl\u00e9m je, \u017ee si nikdo nedal pr\u00e1ci s\u00a0t\u00edm, zaznamenat kter\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Obr\u00e1zek ukazuje l\u00edcovou stranu jednoho ze zmi\u0148ovan\u00fdch prapor\u016f \u2013 nen\u00ed to mo\u017en\u00e1 ten prav\u00fd, ale pro ilustraci sta\u010d\u00ed. Nad jednotliv\u00fdmi pluky mohly vl\u00e1t i tzv. stani\u010dn\u00ed prapory \u2013 to byly prapory jednotliv\u00fdch koz\u00e1ck\u00fdch stanic. Existuje pouze jejich popis: b\u00fdvaly to modr\u00e9, nebo \u010derven\u00e9 obd\u00e9ln\u00edky s\u00a0vyobrazen\u00edm n\u011bkter\u00e9ho ze sv\u011btc\u016f \u2013 patron\u016f jednotliv\u00fdch stanic.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1v\u011br koz\u00e1ck\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti si dovol\u00edm jedno konstatov\u00e1n\u00ed. Koz\u00e1ci v\u00a0\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nebyli neorganizovanou hordou. Jejich p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1 rodov\u00e1 hierarchie a naprost\u00e1 poslu\u0161nost velitel\u016fm jim to nedovolovala, i kdy\u017e tak na nep\u0159\u00edtele, nebo neznal\u00e9ho pozorovatele, mohli p\u016fsobit. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b z\u00a0nich jejich demokratick\u00e9 tradice (rodov\u00e9 rady, volby ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch velitel\u016f<\/em>), \u010dinily b\u00edlou vr\u00e1nu v\u00a0rusk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b.<\/p>\n

Zp\u011bt na obsah.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Koz\u00e1ck\u00e9 vojsko je term\u00edn pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd pro souhrnn\u00e9 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed odd\u00edl\u016f, postaven\u00fdch z jednoho koz\u00e1ck\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed. V popisovan\u00fdch letech existovalo koz\u00e1ck\u00e9 vojsko Donsk\u00e9 (bylo nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed), Uralsk\u00e9, \u010cernomo\u0159sk\u00e9 a Orenburgsk\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,6214],"tags":[6290,6291,6292,6247],"class_list":["post-16562","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-texty_bez_rubriky","tag-karel-klatil","tag-kozaci","tag-kozacka-vojska","tag-ruska-armada-1805"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16562","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16562"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16562\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16566,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16562\/revisions\/16566"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16562"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16562"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16562"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}