Philippe BOUTRY<\/em><\/p>\n V\u00e1lka ve Vend\u00e9e? Sp\u00ed\u0161e genocida, tvrd\u00ed historik Pierre Chaunu, kter\u00fd odhaduje po\u010det ob\u011bt\u00ed na 400.000, 500.000 nebo 600.000 (n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed hovo\u0159\u00ed dokonce o mili\u00f3nu mrtv\u00fdch). A „francouzsko-francouzsk\u00e1 genocida“ se p\u0159irovn\u00e1v\u00e1 k „sov\u011btsk\u00e9mu gulagu“ nebo k masakr\u016fm rud\u00fdch Khmer\u016f … Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b, a to je pravda, pop\u00edrala republik\u00e1nsk\u00e1 historiografie p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dlouho \u0161\u00ed\u0159i masakru; v\u00e1lka ve Vend\u00e9e byla ve francouzsk\u00fdch \u0161koln\u00edch u\u010debnic\u00edch a\u017e do ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch let popisov\u00e1na jako ob\u010dansk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka, jist\u011b hrozn\u00e1, ale slavn\u00e1 pro republik\u00e1nsk\u00e1 vojska, kter\u00e1 zv\u00edt\u011bzila nad vnit\u0159n\u00edmi a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi nep\u0159\u00e1teli; pokud jde o po\u010det mrtv\u00fdch, znemo\u017e\u0148ovaly jak\u00fdkoli pokus o vy\u010d\u00edslen\u00ed ml\u010den\u00ed a neur\u010dit\u00e9 odhady.<\/p>\n \u00a0Je t\u0159eba uznat, \u017ee je to t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd \u00fakol. P\u0159esto\u017ee se poda\u0159ilo p\u0159esn\u011b stanovit bilanci ob\u011bt\u00ed soudn\u00edho Teroru (16.594 ob\u011bt\u00ed podle v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f americk\u00e9ho historika Donalda Greera, z nich\u017e polovina na Z\u00e1pad\u011b zem\u011b a 2.600 v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei), je v\u0161ak velmi t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 stanovit bilanci ob\u011bt\u00ed ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky: nedochovala se \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 statistika ztr\u00e1t a masakry za sebou zanech\u00e1vaj\u00ed archivy jen z\u0159\u00eddka … Pomysleme jen na obt\u00ed\u017ee, abychom m\u011bli n\u011bjakou srovnatelnou p\u0159edstavu, kter\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b dnes poci\u0165ujeme p\u0159i up\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed po\u010dtu ob\u011bt\u00ed v\u00fdprav, veden\u00fdch nov\u011b z\u0159\u00edzenou italskou arm\u00e1dou proti „lupi\u010d\u016fm“ v \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch l\u00e9tech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n Historici a demografov\u00e9 se v\u0161ak ji\u017e n\u011bkolik let sna\u017e\u00ed stanovit odhad, co nejv\u00edce bl\u00edzk\u00fd skute\u010dnosti: studie Fran\u00e7ois Lebruna a Jeana-Cl\u00e9menta Martina to dosv\u011bd\u010duj\u00ed. Z nich vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bry. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm, vojensk\u00e9 operace vedly p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b ke stejn\u011b velk\u00e9mu po\u010dtu ob\u011bt\u00ed na obou stran\u00e1ch, vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee znalost ter\u00e9nu, \u017eiv\u00fdch plot\u016f (tzv. „bocage“) a les\u016f, poskytovala B\u00edl\u00fdm citelnou v\u00fdhodu proti Modr\u00fdm, i p\u0159es slabost jejich organizace a v\u00fdzbroje. Na druh\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b, republik\u00e1nsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da p\u0159evzala taktiku „pusto\u0161en\u00ed“, kterou praktikovala vojska „star\u00e9ho re\u017eimu“ (jako v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b plen\u011bn\u00ed Por\u00fdn\u00ed vojskem Ludv\u00edka XIV.): to s sebou neslo systematick\u00e9 ni\u010den\u00ed budov, \u00farody a dobytka, stejn\u011b jako zmasakrov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatelstva. „Pekeln\u00e9 pluky“ gener\u00e1la Turreaua, kter\u00e9 na ja\u0159e roku 1794 devastovaly na p\u0159\u00edkaz Konventu Vend\u00e9e, tak nesou prvo\u0159adou zodpov\u011bdnost za ztr\u00e1ty civiln\u00edho obyvatelstva v t\u00e9to v\u00e1lce: stovky statk\u016f a vesnic byly vyp\u00e1leny a srovn\u00e1ny se zem\u00ed a tis\u00edce obyvatel vyhlazeny, ani\u017e by byl \u010din\u011bn jak\u00fdkoli rozd\u00edl co do v\u011bku, pohlav\u00ed nebo dokonce n\u00e1zorov\u00e9 orientace. Za t\u0159et\u00ed, d\u016fsledky v\u00e1lky pro popula\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj, se zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9, vezmeme-li v potaz \u00fadaje, vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z prvn\u00edch napoleonsk\u00fdch s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed lidu: jde o ztr\u00e1ty v \u0159\u00e1du jedn\u00e9 \u010dtvrtiny nebo jedn\u00e9 t\u0159etiny populace. V Mauges, rolnick\u00e9 oblasti ji\u017en\u011b od Angers, je roku 1790 celkem 101.000 obyvatel, roku 1802 jen 74.000 ( – 27 %). Cholet, hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto povstalc\u016f, doch\u00e1z\u00ed od 8.400 obyvatel z roku 1790 ke 4.700 obyvatel roku 1801 ( – 44\u00a0 %). Pro t\u0159i d\u00e9partementy tzv. „vojensk\u00e9 Vend\u00e9e“ (tedy Vend\u00e9e ve vlastn\u00edm slova smyslu, a ji\u017en\u00edch oblast\u00ed Loire-Atlantique a Maine-et-Loire) navrhuje Jean-Cl\u00e9ment Martin \u010d\u00edslo 220.000 – 250.000 ob\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n M\u00e1me-li b\u00fdt tedy p\u0159esn\u00ed, nikoli genocida (tento term\u00edn by na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dal etnickou zaujatost, kter\u00e1 v duchu Konventu p\u0159\u00edtomna nebyla), ale hrozn\u00fd masakr. Historik tedy shled\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee stoj\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ot\u00e1zce: pro\u010d tak hrozn\u00e1 krutost, kter\u00e9 se voj\u00e1ci Republiky dopustili? Vojensk\u00e1 tradice „pusto\u0161en\u00ed“ a „sp\u00e1len\u00e9 zem\u011b“? Divok\u00e1 sr\u00e1\u017eka mezi dobrovoln\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161li z m\u011bst (pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9 „revolu\u010dn\u00ed arm\u00e1dy“) a rolnickou spole\u010dnost\u00ed, j\u00ed\u017e byly ciz\u00ed hodnoty a dobrodin\u00ed Revoluce? Vyhrocen\u00ed republik\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1sil\u00ed proti nebezpe\u010d\u00ed kontrarevolu\u010dn\u00ed koalice roln\u00edk\u016f, \u0161lechtic\u016f a kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed? A\u0165 ji\u017e p\u0159ijmeme kteroukoli z hypot\u00e9z, fakta z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed: rozdrcen\u00ed rolnick\u00e9ho povst\u00e1n\u00ed ve Vend\u00e9e p\u0159ineslo dvan\u00e1ctkr\u00e1t a\u017e patn\u00e1ctkr\u00e1t v\u00edce ob\u011bt\u00ed ne\u017e gilotina (1).<\/p>\n (p\u016fvodn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek: Le vittime della Vandea<\/em>, v: „Storia e Dossier“, nakl. Giunti Barbera S.p.A., Firenze, ro\u010d. 4, \u010d. 29, kv\u011bten 1989, str. 9; \u010desk\u00fd p\u0159eklad: Franti\u0161ek J. Hole\u010dek, O.M.)<\/p>\n (1) zn\u00e1m\u00fd specialista na vojenskou historii obdob\u00ed Revoluce a C\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed Jean-Paul Bertaud odhaduje ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci <\/em>L\u00b4An I de la r\u00e9publique \/Rok I republiky\/, vydan\u00e9 v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei roku 1992 nakladatelstv\u00edm Perrin, na str. 121 ztr\u00e1ty Vendejsk\u00fdch povstalc\u016f na 117.000 – 150.000 padl\u00fdch a zabit\u00fdch a v\u00edce ne\u017e 100.000 poh\u0159e\u0161ovan\u00fdch.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" P\u0159eklad \u010dl\u00e1nku Philippa Boutryho: Vend\u00e9e – ob\u010dansk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka, masakr, genocida?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-507","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-evropa-v-letech-1789-1821"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/507","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=507"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/507\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14345,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/507\/revisions\/14345"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=507"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=507"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=507"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}