{"id":586,"date":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2004-10-31T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/zkaza-zlate-eskadry\/"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:33:55","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:33:55","slug":"zkaza-zlate-eskadry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/zkaza-zlate-eskadry\/","title":{"rendered":"Zk\u00e1za Zlat\u00e9 eskadry"},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u0159ed 200 lety se za\u010d\u00ednala historick\u00e1 epocha naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 NAPOLEONSK\u00c9 V\u00c1LKY. P\u0159esto\u017ee nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed st\u0159ety se odehr\u00e1valy na evropsk\u00e9m kontinent\u011b, \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed osou t\u00e9to s\u00e9rie v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch konflikt\u016f byl mocensk\u00fd souboj Francie a Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie, kter\u00fd v pr\u016fb\u011bhu desetilet\u00ed vt\u00e1hl do sv\u00fdch tenat celou Evropu a zna\u010dnou \u010d\u00e1st zbytku sv\u011bta. Jako prvn\u00ed bylo do konfliktu Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee a Lond\u00fdna zata\u017eeno \u0160pan\u011blsko, a o okolnostech za jak\u00fdch se madridsk\u00fd dv\u016fr rozhodl vstoupit na v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 kolbi\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ibli\u017euj\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dky\u2026<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\n

Po vypov\u011bzen\u00ed Amiensk\u00e9ho m\u00edru \u0160pan\u011blsko (jen\u017e v revolu\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed nejprve bojovalo proti Republice, aby se pozd\u011bji stalo jej\u00edm spojencem) lav\u00edrovalo mezi mocensk\u00fdmi tlaky z Lond\u00fdna i Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee. Napoleon Bonaparte jm\u00e9nem Francie nal\u00e9hal aby Madrid obnovil spojenectv\u00ed v duchu smlouvy ze San Ildefensa (1796), a poskytl mu k dispozici sv\u00e9 lo\u010fstvo, p\u0159\u00edstavy, a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00e1lky na kontinent\u011b i vojsko. Britsk\u00fd premi\u00e9r (nejprve Henry Addington, pak ji\u017e mnohem d\u016frazn\u011bji William Pitt!) zase nal\u00e9hal, aby \u0160pan\u011blsko alespo\u0148 form\u00e1ln\u00edm ohro\u017een\u00edm francouzsk\u00e9 ji\u017en\u00ed hranice donutilo protivn\u00edka v\u00e1zat v Pyrenej\u00edch alespo\u0148 jistou \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00fdch ozbrojen\u00fdch sil. Ob\u011b strany hrozily, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 nevyhov\u011bn\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016fm bude br\u00e1no jako nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fd akt, a Madrid ponese odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1sledky.<\/span>Ostrovn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e prokazovala m\u00e9n\u011b trp\u011blivosti i taktu, a jakkoli Royal Navy<\/span> po\u010dala znepokojovat \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed lo\u010fstvo, francouzsk\u00e1 hrozba byla asi akutn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, a Madrid s povd\u011bkem p\u0159ijal Bonapartovu nab\u00eddku, \u017ee m\u016f\u017ee zachovat form\u00e1ln\u00ed neutralitu, a m\u016f\u017ee se vyplatit. Pot\u00ed\u017e ov\u0161em spo\u010d\u00edvala v tom, \u017ee z\u00edskat adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stku v mate\u0159sk\u00e9 zemi nebylo z \u010dasov\u00fdch i politick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 re\u00e1ln\u00e9 a volba proto padla na tradi\u010dn\u00ed \u0161pan\u011blskou zlatou \u017e\u00edlu v Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe. \u00damluva byla pochopiteln\u011b tajn\u00e1, ale v Lond\u00fdn\u011b po\u010dali cosi tu\u0161it, f\u00e1ma za\u010dala st\u00edhat f\u00e1mu a Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie po\u010dala pohl\u00ed\u017eet na \u0160pan\u011blsko znovu jako na nep\u0159\u00edtele.<\/span><\/p>\n

Britsk\u00fd ambasador ve Ferrolu dokonale zv\u00fd\u0161il paniku a v\u0161eobecnou nervozitu, kdy\u017e na zdej\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u011b nalezlo azyl n\u011bkolik francouzsk\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch lod\u00ed uniknuv\u0161\u00edch ze Santa Dominga. Do Lond\u00fdna ozn\u00e1mil, \u017ee se zde pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b shroma\u017e\u010fuje invazn\u00ed flotila a vojsko, jejich\u017e c\u00edlem bude pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ohrozit britsk\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy v Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Indii (Karibiku). Byl to ambasador\u016fv \u010dir\u00fd blud, ale lond\u00fdnsk\u00e1 admiralita se rozhodla v\u016f\u010di \u0160pan\u011blsku je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159itvrdit a britsk\u00e9 \u0159adov\u00e9 lodi pod velen\u00edm kontradmir\u00e1la Alexandra Cochranea Ferrola protilehlou La Corunu preventivn\u011b zablokovaly.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n
\"\"<\/a>

Admiral Sir William Cornwallis (1744\u20131819)<\/p><\/div>\n

Nez\u016fstalo jen u toho, a z Cornwallisovy flotily, st\u0159e\u017e\u00edc\u00ed francouzsk\u00e9 biskajsk\u00e9 pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed, byla vy\u010dlen\u011bna slavn\u00e1 38d\u011blov\u00e1 fregata Indefatigable<\/span> (ov\u0161em ji\u017e pod kapit\u00e1nem Moorem, nikoli legend\u00e1rn\u00edm Pellewem), aby spole\u010dn\u011b s fregatou Lively<\/span> o stejn\u00e9m po\u010dtu d\u011bl (nikoli shodnou palebnou silou!) monitorovala d\u011bn\u00ed v C\u00e1dizu. Z Nelsonovy st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 eskadry byly za stejn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delem vy\u010dlen\u011bny fregaty Amphion<\/span> a Medusa<\/span>Donegal<\/span> (ex-francouzsk\u00e1 Hoche<\/span>, 74 d\u011bl), ale ta se opozdila a do n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed nikterak nezas\u00e1hla.<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Tato na „m\u00edrov\u00e9 \u010dasy“ \u00factyhodn\u00e1 s\u00edla byla sv\u011b\u0159ena pod velen\u00ed kapit\u00e1na Grahama Moora (ml. bratr gener\u00e1la Johna Moora), kter\u00fd m\u011bl od Admirality za \u00fakol prov\u011b\u0159it, zda se i zde neformuje n\u011bjak\u00e1 nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e1 formace, a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee by vzniklo opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9 podez\u0159en\u00ed, \u017ee \u0160pan\u011bl\u00e9 \u010din\u00ed n\u011bco Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9ho, m\u011bl povolen\u00ed eventueln\u011b i vojensky zas\u00e1hnout. Lond\u00fdn m\u011bl i spadeno na o\u010dek\u00e1vanou tradi\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1silku zlata z Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky, ale zde u\u017e Moorovy instrukce nebyly p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 jednozna\u010dn\u00e9, a na anglick\u00e9m (by\u0165 i byl Skot! \ud83d\ude42 kapit\u00e1nu le\u017eelo b\u0159emeno velik\u00e9 zodpov\u011bdnosti.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010ctve\u0159ice britsk\u00fdch fregat se setkala na smluven\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b u mysu Santa Mar\u00eda dne 3. \u0159\u00edjna 1804 a ji\u017e o dva dny pozd\u011bji Angli\u010dan\u00e9 spat\u0159ili na obzoru \u010dtvero plachtov\u00ed velk\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch lod\u00ed. \u0160lo o \u010dty\u0159i \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 fregaty pod velen\u00edm kontradmir\u00e1la Bustamenta pluj\u00edc\u00ed z Montevidea do C\u00e1dizu. Ji\u017e s\u00edla t\u00e9to formace d\u00e1vala tu\u0161it, \u017ee n\u00e1klad dopravovan\u00fd touto eskadrou nebude jen tak ledajak\u00fd, nebo\u0165 obvykle v „m\u00edrov\u00fdch \u010dasech“ pluly fregaty s jihoamerick\u00fdm zlatem bu\u010f s\u00f3lov\u011b, nebo maxim\u00e1ln\u011b ve dvojici. Britov\u00e9 se ke \u0160pan\u011bl\u016fm pluj\u00edc\u00edm v k\u00fdlov\u00e9 lini Fama<\/span> (34 d\u011bl), Medea<\/span> (40 d\u011bl), Mercedes<\/span> (34 d\u011bl) a Clara<\/span> (34 d\u011bl, n\u011bkdy uv\u00e1d\u011bna jako Santa Clara<\/span>) zvolna p\u0159ibli\u017eovali v obdobn\u00e9 k\u00fdlov\u00e9 formaci, a zah\u00e1jili komunikaci zdvo\u0159ilostn\u00edmi zdravicemi. \u0160pan\u011bl\u00e9 byli tot\u00e1ln\u011b zasko\u010deni, zmateni, nev\u011bd\u011bli jak zareagovat, a tak pokra\u010dovali v plavb\u011b. Nepochybn\u011b ov\u0161em alespo\u0148 intuitivn\u011b vytu\u0161ili, \u017ee na voln\u00e9m mo\u0159i nep\u016fjde o n\u011bjakou netradi\u010dn\u00ed zdvo\u0159ilostn\u00ed pozornost, ale Britov\u00e9 za sv\u00fdmi zdravicemi skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 \u00famysly.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Moore pochopil, \u017ee u\u017e beztoho jak\u00fdmkoli ot\u00e1len\u00edm velice rychle ztr\u00e1c\u00ed moment p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed a jeho Indefatigable <\/span>proto vyslala v\u00fdmluvn\u00fd varovn\u00fd v\u00fdst\u0159el p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010f Bustamentovy vlajkov\u00e9 lodi Medea<\/span> s po\u017eadavkem, aby \u0160pan\u011bl\u00e9 okam\u017eit\u011b skasali plachty a umo\u017enili inspekci na palub\u00e1ch sv\u00fdch lod\u00ed. Kontradmir\u00e1l Jos\u00e9 Bustamente sice vyhov\u011bl Moorov\u011b po\u017eadavku skasat plachty, ale striktn\u011b odm\u00edtl jeho po\u017eadavek vpustit anglick\u00e9 voj\u00e1ky na paluby sv\u00fdch lod\u00ed, jako naprosto nep\u0159ijateln\u00fd a neod\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00fd. Moore n\u00e1sledn\u011b odv\u011btil, \u017ee velice lituje, ale m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 instrukce a v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bude, a\u010d nerad, nucen pou\u017e\u00edt s\u00edlu a donutit \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 lodi k podroben\u00ed se jeho inspekci n\u00e1sil\u00edm.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Pot\u00e9, co \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fd velitel znovu hrd\u011b odm\u00edtl britsk\u00e9 ultim\u00e1tum a dal znovu napnout plachty, se u\u017e na obou stran\u00e1ch kvapn\u011b zvedaly z\u00e1klopky d\u011blov\u00fdch st\u0159\u00edlen. Zakr\u00e1tko pak u\u017e logicky promluvila d\u011bla – Medusa<\/span> na Famu<\/span>, Indefatigable<\/span> na Medeu<\/span>, Amphion<\/span> na Mercedes<\/span> a Lively<\/span> na Claru<\/span>. Pochopiteln\u011b i \u0160pan\u011bl\u00e9 se sna\u017eili nez\u016fst\u00e1vat Brit\u016fm nic dlu\u017eni, byli v\u0161ak od po\u010d\u00e1tku v t\u00e9to ne\u010dekan\u00e9, necht\u011bn\u00e9 a jimi nijak nevyprovokovan\u00e9 bitce ve v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 nev\u00fdhod\u011b. Jednak na rozd\u00edl od Angli\u010dan\u016f nebyli na boj naprosto p\u0159ipraveni, a pak na palub\u00e1ch v\u0161ech \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch lod\u00ed nebylo pouze zlato a zbo\u017e\u00ed v\u0161eho druhu, ale i spousty civilist\u016f, \u017eeny a d\u011bti z toho nevyj\u00edmaje!
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Tento n\u00e1klad pochopiteln\u011b nejenom pasivn\u011b p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eel, ale zejm\u00e9na pokud \u0161lo o \u017eeny a d\u011bti, vn\u00e1\u0161el do pos\u00e1dek \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch lod\u00ed chaos a nerozhodnost\u2026 V\u0161e vyvrcholilo ji\u017e zhruba po deseti minut\u00e1ch boje, kdy patrn\u011b po n\u00e1hodn\u00e9m z\u00e1sahu skladi\u0161t\u011b st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu s hroziv\u00fdm rachotem vyl\u00e9tla do pov\u011bt\u0159\u00ed \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e1 fregata Mercedes<\/span>. Zejm\u00e9na psychologick\u00fd efekt t\u00e9to katastrofy, asi zp\u016fsobil, \u017ee b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika m\u00e1lo minut pot\u00e9 bylo po v\u0161em. Po \u010dtvrthodin\u011b od zah\u00e1jen\u00ed palby tak bylo prakticky dobojov\u00e1no a po dvaceti minut\u00e1ch st\u0159elba utichla zcela. \u0160okovan\u00ed \u0160pan\u011bl\u00e9 toti\u017e z\u00e1hy s\u0148ali vlajky a spole\u010dn\u011b s Brity zah\u00e1jili z\u00e1chranu trose\u010dn\u00edk\u016f.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Po\u010det mrtv\u00fdch na palub\u011b ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00e9 lodi, sluj\u00edc\u00ed pln\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem Nuestra Senora de las Mercedes<\/span>, se odhaduje zhruba na 300 – zachr\u00e1n\u011bn byl v\u0161ehov\u0161udy jeden d\u016fstojn\u00edk a 45 mu\u017e\u016f pos\u00e1dky. V\u0161ichni na palub\u011b fregaty p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00ed civilist\u00e9, ukryt\u00ed p\u0159ed st\u0159elbou do relativn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho bezpe\u010d\u00ed hlubok\u00e9ho podpalub\u00ed, zahynuli. Na ostatn\u00edch \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch lod\u00edch bylo v okam\u017eiku utichnut\u00ed palby 27 mrtv\u00fdch a 80 ran\u011bn\u00fdch, zat\u00edmco Britov\u00e9 m\u011bli v\u0161ehov\u0161udy 2 mrtv\u00e9 a 7 zran\u011bn\u00fdch.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Epilogem t\u00e9to bitvy byl pokus \u010deln\u00ed fregaty Fama<\/span> o \u00fanik, po t\u00e9 co po vzoru ostatn\u00edch \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch lod\u00ed s\u0148ala vlajku, a pozornost Brit\u016f upoutala z\u00e1chrana tonouc\u00edch. \u0160pan\u011blsk\u00fd kapit\u00e1n pon\u011bkud ne\u010destn\u011b, ale logicky vyu\u017eil p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti, vzty\u010dil \u010derveno\u017eluto\u010dervenou vlaku, napnul plachty a zam\u00ed\u0159il k C\u00e1dizu. Pokus se zprvu da\u0159il, \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 lodi byli rychl\u00e9 a obratn\u00e9, ale brit\u0161t\u00ed n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edci byli p\u0159eci jen zru\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Fregata Lively<\/span>Medusa <\/span>rovn\u011b\u017e p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nezaost\u00e1vala a tak po t\u0159ech hodin\u00e1ch honi\u010dky byl uprchl\u00edk polapen. Nyn\u00ed ji\u017e k \u0160pan\u011blovu podroben\u00ed se posta\u010dilo n\u011bkolik varovn\u00fdch v\u00fdst\u0159el\u016f\u2026
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Zlato a dal\u0161\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed uko\u0159ist\u011bn\u00e9 na t\u0159ech zajat\u00fdch plavidlech bylo vy\u010d\u00edsleno na v\u00edce ne\u017e milion liber, a zhruba dal\u0161\u00ed p\u016flmilion klesl ke dnu spolu s fregatou Mercedes<\/span>. Ov\u0161em je pochybn\u00e9, \u010demu m\u011bla tato akce zabr\u00e1nit, ale jist\u00e9 je \u017ee ji\u017e 12. \u0159\u00edjna 1804, prakticky okam\u017eit\u011b pot\u00e9, kdy se informace o tomto incidentu dostala do Madridu, bylo kr\u00e1lem (Karel IV.) a jeho ministry p\u0159ijato jednomysln\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed – \u0160pan\u011blsko s okam\u017eitou platnost\u00ed vyhla\u0161uje Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii v\u00e1lku! Bonaparte, nyn\u00ed nov\u011b c\u00edsa\u0159 Francouz\u016f Napoleon I., si nemohl p\u0159\u00e1t v\u00edce!
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee byla n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b Filipa II. jen st\u00ednem b\u00fdval\u00e9 mocnosti, Francie z\u00edskala velice cenn\u00e9ho a v\u011brn\u00e9ho spojence, nebo\u0165 l\u00e9ty zako\u0159en\u011bn\u00e1 rivalita a antipatie „Don\u016f“ (tj. \u0160pan\u011bl\u016f – brit. p\u0159ezd\u00edvka) k proradn\u00e9mu „Albionu“ dos\u00e1hla tou dobou v\u0161ech atribut\u016f fanatick\u00e9 nen\u00e1visti. Bylo velikou, a mo\u017en\u00e1 i osudovou, Napoleonovou chybou, \u017ee o necel\u00e9 4 roky pozd\u011bji, svou dynastickou politikou u\u010dinil ze hrd\u00fdch a nepoddajn\u00fdch \u0160pan\u011bl\u016f zaryt\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00e1tele Francie a \u00fa\u010delov\u00e9 spojence Brit\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u0159ed 200 lety se za\u010d\u00ednala historick\u00e1 epocha naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 NAPOLEONSK\u00c9 V\u00c1LKY. P\u0159esto\u017ee nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed st\u0159ety se odehr\u00e1valy na evropsk\u00e9m kontinent\u011b, \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed osou t\u00e9to s\u00e9rie v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch konflikt\u016f byl mocensk\u00fd souboj Francie a Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie, kter\u00fd v pr\u016fb\u011bhu desetilet\u00ed vt\u00e1hl do sv\u00fdch tenat celou Evropu a zna\u010dnou \u010d\u00e1st zbytku sv\u011bta. Jako prvn\u00ed bylo do konfliktu Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee a Lond\u00fdna zata\u017eeno \u0160pan\u011blsko, a o okolnostech za jak\u00fdch se madridsk\u00fd dv\u016fr rozhodl vstoupit na v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 kolbi\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ibli\u017euj\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dky\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":13993,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,5992],"tags":[5898,5899,5897],"class_list":["post-586","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-namorni-valka","tag-hms-indefatigable","tag-napoleonske-valky","tag-zkaza-zlate-eskadry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/586","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=586"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/586\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13995,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/586\/revisions\/13995"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13993"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=586"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=586"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=586"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}