{"id":607,"date":"2004-12-11T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2004-12-11T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/general-jezdectva-michael-benedikt-svobodny-pan-von-melas-1729-1806\/"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:33:54","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:33:54","slug":"general-jezdectva-michael-benedikt-svobodny-pan-von-melas-1729-1806","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/general-jezdectva-michael-benedikt-svobodny-pan-von-melas-1729-1806\/","title":{"rendered":"Gener\u00e1l jezdectva Michael Benedikt svobodn\u00fd p\u00e1n von Melas (1729-1806)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: small\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">Melas, gener\u00e1l jezdectva Michael Benedikt svobodn\u00fd p\u00e1n von<\/span><br \/>\n(* 12. kv\u011btna 1729 Sigi\u015foara [n\u011bm. Sch\u00e4\u00dfburg], Sedmihradsko \u2013 31. kv\u011btna 1806 T\u00fdnec nad Labem, \u010cechy)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">V 17 letech vstoupil jako kadet k p\u011b\u0161\u00edmu pluku \u010d. 21 a b\u011bhem Sedmilet\u00e9 v\u00e1lky p\u016fsobil jako pobo\u010dn\u00edk poln\u00edho mar\u0161\u00e1la Dauna. Dos\u00e1hl p\u0159itom hodnosti setn\u00edka. V roce 1771 byl s pov\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm na majora p\u0159evelen k p\u011b\u0161\u00edmu pluku \u010d. 34 a v roce 1777 byl jmenov\u00e1n podplukovn\u00edkem a velitelem gran\u00e1tnick\u00e9ho praporu. V listopadu 1781 n\u00e1sledovalo jmenov\u00e1n\u00ed plukovn\u00edkem kyrysnick\u00e9ho pluku \u010d. 7. V roce 1788 byl p\u0159evelen ke kyrysnick\u00e9mu pluku \u010d. 10, se kter\u00fdm absolvoval v\u00e1lku proti Osmansk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i (1788-1789). V roce 1789 byl pov\u00fd\u0161en na gener\u00e1lmajora.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">V roce 1793 velen\u00ed nad brig\u00e1dou v r\u00e1mci arm\u00e1dy operuj\u00edc\u00ed na Samb\u0159e. V roce 1794 byl pov\u00fd\u0161en na poln\u00edho podmar\u0161\u00e1la a p\u0159e\u0161el do \u0161t\u00e1bu sboru gener\u00e1la j\u00edzdy hrab\u011bte Blankensteina na Doln\u00edm R\u00fdn\u011b. T\u00e9ho\u017e roku p\u0159evzal nad t\u00fdm\u017e sborem velen\u00ed a v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed obsadil Oberkeil a Spangen a zv\u00edt\u011bzil v bitv\u011b u Kaiserslauternu. Dne 1. prosince \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b odrazil \u00fatok gener\u00e1la Kl\u00e9bera. V roce 1795 se pod\u00edlel na por\u00e1\u017ece Francouz\u016f u Mohu\u010de a dobyt\u00ed Mannheimu. V roce 1796 byl p\u0159evelen k c. k. Lombardsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b pod velen\u00edm poln\u00edho zbrojmistra Jean-Pierra hrab\u011bte de Beaulieu, po jeho\u017e rezignaci se do\u010dasn\u011b ujal vrchn\u00edho velen\u00ed do p\u0159\u00edchodu poln\u00edho mar\u0161\u00e1la hrab\u011bte Wurmsera. Z\u00fa\u010dastnil se cel\u00e9ho ta\u017een\u00ed roku 1796 a za\u017eil kapitulaci oble\u017een\u00e9 Mantovy v roce 1797. V roce 1799 obdr\u017eel jmenov\u00e1n\u00ed gener\u00e1lem jezdectva a stal se velitelem c\u00edsa\u0159sko-kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho kontingentu v r\u00e1mci spojeneck\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy generalissima Alexandra Vasilijevi\u010de hrab\u011bte Suvorova. Pod jeho velen\u00edm se v\u00fdznamn\u011b podepsal na v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00fdch bitv\u00e1ch u Cassana (27.-28. dubna 1799), Trebbie (18.-19. \u010dervna) a Novi (15. srpna), za co\u017e byl vyznamen\u00e1n komand\u00e9rsk\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem \u0158\u00e1du Marie Terezie a odm\u011bn\u011bn majitelstv\u00edm kyrysnick\u00e9ho pluku \u010d. 6.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: small\">Pot\u00e9, co rusk\u00fd sbor odt\u00e1hl do \u0160v\u00fdcarska, p\u0159evzal samostatn\u00e9 velen\u00ed nad ve\u0161ker\u00fdmi c\u00edsa\u0159sko-kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdmi silami (asi 40.000 mu\u017e\u016f) v severn\u00ed It\u00e1lii a pokra\u010doval v \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 ofenz\u00edv\u011b. Dne 18. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1799 porazil arm\u00e1du gener\u00e1la Jeana Etienna Championetta u Savigliana a pozd\u011bji, 4. listopadu, t\u00e9ho\u017e gener\u00e1la u Genoly. N\u00e1sledn\u011b oblehl Janov a na jaro 1800 p\u0159ipravoval ofenz\u00edvu do Provence. Kr\u00e1tce po zah\u00e1jen\u00ed jarn\u00edho ta\u017een\u00ed v\u0161ak francouzsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da znovu v \u010dele s Napoleonem n\u00e1hle p\u0159ekro\u010dila Alpy a objevila s v jeho t\u00fdlu. Melas byl nucen ta\u017een\u00ed p\u0159eru\u0161it a urychlen\u011b se stahoval k v\u00fdchodu. Dne 14. \u010dervna sv\u016fj \u00fastup zastavil mezi Alessandri\u00ed a Marengem a p\u0159ipravil se k \u00fatoku. T\u00edmto krokem pron\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed Napoleonovu arm\u00e1du dokonale zasko\u010dil. Napoleonovi se nepoda\u0159ilo v\u010das zkoncentrovat sv\u00e9 s\u00edly a intenzita Melasova \u00fatoku ztrhla francouzsk\u00e9 jednotky na \u00fastup. V tomto okam\u017eiku p\u0159edal Melas velen\u00ed gener\u00e1lmajorovi Zachovi, kter\u00fd m\u011bl ustupuj\u00edc\u00ed Francouze pron\u00e1sledovat. Pr\u016fb\u011bh bitvy v\u0161ak zvr\u00e1tila ne\u010dekan\u00e1 akce gener\u00e1la Desaixe, kter\u00e9mu se poda\u0159ilo nepozorovan\u011b zkoncentrovat \u010d\u00e1st jezdectva, s n\u00edm\u017e vpadl postupuj\u00edc\u00edm kolon\u00e1m Raku\u0161an\u016f do boku a zcela je rozvr\u00e1tit. Kr\u00e1tce po por\u00e1\u017ece byl zdrcen\u00fd Melas nucen podepsat dohodu o vyklizen\u00ed Lombardie a zta\u017een\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00fdch c\u00edsa\u0159sko-kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch jednotek za linii \u0159eky Mincio. Ve velen\u00ed c. k. Italsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy z\u016fstal a\u017e do podeps\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed v listopadu 1800. Po podesp\u00e1n\u00ed lun\u00e9villsk\u00e9ho m\u00edru v roce 1801 se stal vel\u00edc\u00edm gener\u00e1lem ve Vnit\u0159n\u00edch Rakous\u00edch (\u0160t\u00fdrsk\u00fd Hradec), ale ji\u017e v roce 1803 ode\u0161el do v\u00fdslu\u017eby a uch\u00fdlil se na sv\u00e9 statky v T\u00fdnci nad Labem. Zde skonal o t\u0159i roky pozd\u011bji 31. kv\u011btna 1806.<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">Literatura:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small\">OTTOVA encyklopedie obecn\u00fdch v\u011bdomost\u00ed na CD-ROM, kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 heslo Melas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: small\">VOYKOWITSCH, Bernhard, Castiglione 1796. Napoleon repulses Wurmser\u2019s first attack. Helmet Feldzug Series 1. Helmet Military Publications: Maria Enzersdorf 1998, s. 23.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stru\u010dn\u00e1 biografie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":14630,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,44],"tags":[5878],"class_list":["post-607","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-rakouska-armada","tag-rakouska-armada"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/607","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=607"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/607\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14631,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/607\/revisions\/14631"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14630"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=607"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=607"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=607"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}