{"id":730,"date":"2006-03-02T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2006-03-01T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/takticka-flexibilita-rakusanu-behem-revolucnich-valek\/"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:33:42","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:33:42","slug":"takticka-flexibilita-rakusanu-behem-revolucnich-valek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/takticka-flexibilita-rakusanu-behem-revolucnich-valek\/","title":{"rendered":"Taktick\u00e1 flexibilita Raku\u0161an\u016f b\u011bhem Revolu\u010dn\u00edch v\u00e1lek"},"content":{"rendered":"

Podle mnoh\u00fdch pramen\u016f, historik\u016f i jin\u00fdch, nebyly spojeneck\u00e9 s\u00edly b\u011bhem Revolu\u010dn\u00edch v\u00e1lek schopny vyrovnat se se zm\u011bn\u011bnou situac\u00ed na boji\u0161ti, kdy byly nuceny \u010delit m\u00e9n\u011b organizovan\u00fdm, ale zato mnohem po\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm francouzsk\u00fdm revolu\u010dn\u00edm arm\u00e1d\u00e1m. Nyn\u00ed se mi do rukou dostal p\u016fvodn\u00ed pramen, kter\u00fd dokazuje opak.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dvan\u00e1ct\u00e9ho b\u0159ezna 1794 vydal spojeneck\u00fd velitel tzv. Severn\u00edho v\u00e1l\u010di\u0161t\u011b, poln\u00ed mar\u0161\u00e1l Friedrich Josias princ von Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld, sv\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b V\u0161eobecn\u00fd rozkaz stanovuj\u00edc\u00ed taktiku, s jakou m\u011bli velitel\u00e9 jej\u00edch rakousk\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f bojovat proti francouzsk\u00fdm revolu\u010dn\u00edm arm\u00e1d\u00e1m. Tento Rozkaz m\u00e1 pro n\u00e1s velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam proto, \u017ee vedle skute\u010dn\u00e9 rakousk\u00e9 schopnosti a p\u0159ipravenosti opustit line\u00e1rn\u00ed taktiku a pou\u017e\u00edt flexibiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed struktury a taktiku v z\u00e1vislosti na aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed situaci, vysv\u011btluje zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm Raku\u0161an\u00e9 bojovali v Rakousk\u00e9m Nizozem\u00ed v letech 1794 a 1795. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed text je p\u0159ekladem \u010d\u00e1sti Rozkazu.<\/p>\n

V\u0160EOBECN\u00dd ARM\u00c1DN\u00cd ROZKAZ<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

12. b\u0159ezna 1794<\/p>\n

Po\u010detn\u00ed p\u0159evaha nep\u0159\u00edtele nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt pro velitele, kter\u00fd proti n\u011bmu p\u0159edlo\u017eil pl\u00e1n, d\u016fvodem k pochyb\u00e1m. Nep\u0159\u00edtel postr\u00e1d\u00e1 v\u00fdhodu vojensk\u00e9ho po\u0159\u00e1dku a schopnost prov\u00e1d\u011bt \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 a rychl\u00e9 pohyby. Proto by se m\u011bl nep\u0159\u00edtel v\u017edy p\u0159edej\u00edt s \u00fatokem. M\u011blo by se na n\u011bj \u00fato\u010dit zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i pochodu, d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e se stihne rozvinout do bitevn\u00edho po\u0159\u00e1dku. Pokud to situace vy\u017eaduje, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i obran\u011b p\u0159edem p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 pozice, z\u00e1lohy mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159ipraveny p\u016fsobit proti k\u0159\u00eddl\u016fm \u00fato\u010d\u00edc\u00ed arm\u00e1dy. V tomto ohledu bude ka\u017ed\u00fd rakousk\u00fd velitel usilovat co nejv\u00edce o vyu\u017eit\u00ed nezku\u0161enosti francouzsk\u00fdch gener\u00e1l\u016f a nedostate\u010dn\u00e9ho v\u00fdcviku jejich jednotek k eliminaci jejich po\u010detn\u00ed p\u0159evahy.<\/p>\n

Pokud od\u0159ad rakousk\u00fdch jednotek obsazuje p\u0159ipravenou pozici \u010di z\u00e1kopy, m\u00e1 b\u00fdt pro s\u00edly, kter\u00e9 obsazen\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, pou\u017eita jen t\u0159etina, nebo nanejv\u00fd\u0161 polovina p\u011bchoty a d\u011blost\u0159electva. Zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti obou zbran\u00ed a jezdectvo by m\u011bly b\u00fdt ponech\u00e1ny v rezerv\u011b. Na nep\u0159\u00edtele by se m\u011bly vrhnout neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u011b a zamezit rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed bateri\u00ed. Munic\u00ed by se nem\u011blo pl\u00fdtvat na velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti. Drtiv\u00e1 kart\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1 st\u0159elba na spr\u00e1vnou vzd\u00e1lenost a palba z ru\u010dn\u00edch zbran\u00ed na 300 krok\u016f p\u0159inese rychl\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed. D\u00edky skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 poln\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159electvo je t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00edho kalibru, m\u011bly by b\u00fdt parapety zbudov\u00e1ny v dostate\u010dn\u00e9 s\u00edle, jinak jednotk\u00e1m neposkytnou pot\u0159ebnou ochranu. Z\u00e1seky ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti by m\u011bly omezit nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fd postup a rozv\u00edjen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i \u00fatoku na nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 z\u00e1kopy by d\u011blost\u0159electvo, koncentrovan\u00e9 proti n\u011bkolika vybran\u00fdm m\u00edst\u016fm, m\u011blo postupovat udr\u017euj\u00edce t\u011b\u017ekou palbou, a p\u011bchoty by jej m\u011bla n\u00e1sledovat v t\u011bsn\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti stejn\u00fdm po\u010dtem velk\u00fdch od\u0159ad\u016f. Jezdectvo by m\u011blo n\u00e1sledovat v jist\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti, p\u0159ipraveno maxim\u00e1ln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt ka\u017ed\u00e9 nab\u00eddnut\u00e9 \u0161ance k \u00fatoku na nep\u0159\u00edtele rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9ho mezi z\u00e1kopy.<\/p>\n

Na opevn\u011bn\u00e9 vsi by se rovn\u011b\u017e m\u011blo \u00fato\u010dit jen v jejich slab\u00fdch m\u00edstech. [D\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e1] p\u0159\u00edprava kart\u00e1\u010di a gran\u00e1ty z houfnic m\u00e1 mocn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek. P\u011bchotn\u00ed kolony, kter\u00e9 sm\u011ble proraz\u00ed skrze tato vybran\u00e1 m\u00edsta postupuj\u00edce dovnit\u0159, zp\u016fsob\u00ed mezi jednotkami okupuj\u00edc\u00edmi m\u00edsto hr\u016fzu. Mezit\u00edm jezdectvo objede vesnici kolem, od\u0159\u00edzne \u00fastupovou cestu nep\u0159\u00edteli prchaj\u00edc\u00edmu v nepo\u0159\u00e1dku a posek\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, kdo se nevzd\u00e1. Stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem se \u00fato\u010d\u00ed na opevn\u011bn\u00e9 lesy a z\u00e1seky.<\/p>\n

Pokud jsou v mal\u00e9 \u010di velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00ed pozic\u00ed situov\u00e1ny vesnice, nech\u0165 jsou obsazeny jen lehk\u00fdmi jednotkami. Postoup\u00ed-li [vp\u0159ed] po\u010detn\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 s\u00edly, tyto se st\u00e1hnou d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e by mohly b\u00fdt v\u00e1\u017en\u011b napadeny \u010di rozehn\u00e1ny. [I] pokud by takov\u00e9 s\u00edly, okupuj\u00edc\u00ed m\u00edsta bez jak\u00e9hokoli v\u00fdznamu pro bezpe\u010dnost hlavn\u00ed pozice, vzdorovaly hou\u017eevnat\u011bji, musely by nakonec vyklidit po\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu nep\u0159\u00edteli cestu. V tom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b budou vr\u017eeny zp\u011bt k hlavn\u00ed pozici v neuspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9m \u00fat\u011bku a zp\u016fsob\u00ed tak \u0161patn\u00fd dojem na cel\u00fd sbor. Pokud je t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ed pozic\u00ed, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt obsazena, situov\u00e1n les, m\u011bly by tam b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bny a opevn\u011bny jen lehk\u00e9 jednotky.<\/p>\n

Pokud nep\u0159\u00edtel dr\u017e\u00ed v\u00fdhodnou pozici, v\u016f\u010di n\u00ed\u017e je \u0161ance na \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd \u00fatoku nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e1, je vhodn\u00e9 vyl\u00e1kat nep\u0159\u00edtele k opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jeho pozice man\u00e9vrov\u00e1n\u00edm a p\u0159edst\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm, a za\u00fato\u010dit pouze tehdy, opust\u00ed-li ochranu sv\u00e9ho postaven\u00ed. Pokud nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fd \u010deln\u00ed \u00fatok na nep\u0159\u00edtele, lze \u010dasto s rozhodn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkem operovat na jeho k\u0159\u00eddlech. Proti neprody\u0161n\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 pozici by rovn\u011b\u017e nikdy nem\u011bl b\u00fdt na\u0159\u00edzeno zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9 bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed, pokud ov\u0161em nen\u00ed c\u00edlem oklamat nep\u0159\u00edtele p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b \u00fatoku jak\u00fdmkoli jin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem.<\/p>\n

Situace vy\u017eaduje, aby v nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm ta\u017een\u00ed byly bitevn\u00ed linie rozta\u017eeny, kdykoli to bude mo\u017en\u00e9, za \u00fa\u010delem vzdorov\u00e1n\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 p\u0159esile frontou, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 um\u011ble stejnou \u0161\u00ed\u0159i, a zabr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed hroz\u00edc\u00edmu obchvatu. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e1 p\u0159evaha vy\u017eaduje udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed rezerv v ka\u017ed\u00e9 pozici a v ka\u017ed\u00e9m boji tak, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bt rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed akce. Bez mo\u017enosti zv\u00fd\u0161it s\u00edlu jednotek, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt tohoto doc\u00edleno, pokud se zn\u00e1sob\u00ed po\u010det nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch jednotek, batalion\u016f a setnin. D\u00edky tomu, \u017ee se nen\u00ed t\u0159eba ob\u00e1vat bod\u00e1kov\u00e9ho \u00fatoku nevycvi\u010den\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 p\u011bchoty, stejn\u011b jako \u00faderu jeho \u0161patn\u011b organizovan\u00e9ho jezdectva, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt hloubka na\u0161eho bitevn\u00edho po\u0159\u00e1dku sn\u00ed\u017eena, ani\u017e by to [znamenalo] nev\u00fdhodu. T\u0159et\u00ed \u0159ad p\u011bchoty a jezdectva tak tedy vytvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1lohy ze sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch setnin a eskadron. V t\u00e1borech tyto vytvo\u0159\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed bitevn\u00ed linii a z\u016fstanou spolu v odd\u011blen\u00fdch od\u0159adech, vyjma proveden\u00ed dlouh\u00fdch pochod\u016f daleko od nep\u0159\u00edtele a bez vyhl\u00eddky na boj, v kter\u00e9m\u017eto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se znovu coby t\u0159et\u00ed \u0159ad spoj\u00ed se sv\u00fdmi mate\u0159sk\u00fdmi jednotkami. Nov\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 bataliony a eskadrony budi\u017e p\u0159ednostn\u011b pou\u017eity jako z\u00e1lohy pro ka\u017ed\u00e9 vhodn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti, kter\u00e1 se naskytne pro vpadnut\u00ed do bok\u016f nep\u0159\u00edtele.<\/p>\n

Velitel\u00e9 deta\u0161ovan\u00fdch sbor\u016f musej\u00ed zdvojn\u00e1sobit svou pozornost a aktivitu. Musej\u00ed zv\u00e1\u017eit v\u0161echny pohyby podle okolnost\u00ed a musej\u00ed detailn\u011b studovat ter\u00e9n. Kone\u010dn\u011b musej\u00ed vyv\u00e9st nep\u0159\u00edtele z rovnov\u00e1hy opakovan\u00fdmi sm\u011bl\u00fdmi a \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdmi akcemi, pro n\u011b\u017e se obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b doporu\u010duj\u00ed p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 no\u010dn\u00ed \u00fatoky, n\u00e1jezdy a p\u0159epady.

\nP\u016fvodn\u00ed text \u00a9 Geert van Uythoven<\/a>
\nP\u0159evzato z http:\/\/home.wanadoo.nl\/g.vanuythoven\/home.htm<\/a>
\nPublikov\u00e1no se svolen\u00edm autora.
\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Podle mnoh\u00fdch pramen\u016f, historik\u016f i jin\u00fdch, nebyly spojeneck\u00e9 s\u00edly b\u011bhem Revolu\u010dn\u00edch v\u00e1lek schopny vyrovnat se se zm\u011bn\u011bnou situac\u00ed na boji\u0161ti, kdy byly nuceny \u010delit m\u00e9n\u011b organizovan\u00fdm, ale zato mnohem po\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm francouzsk\u00fdm revolu\u010dn\u00edm arm\u00e1d\u00e1m. Nyn\u00ed se mi do rukou dostal p\u016fvodn\u00ed pramen, kter\u00fd dokazuje opak.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":14592,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,44],"tags":[5878,6069,5895,5907],"class_list":["post-730","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-rakouska-armada","tag-rakouska-armada","tag-rakouska-pechota","tag-tirajeri","tag-vycvik-pechoty"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/730","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=730"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/730\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14593,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/730\/revisions\/14593"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14592"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=730"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=730"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=730"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}