{"id":771,"date":"2006-11-03T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2006-11-02T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/prvni-saper-francie\/"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:33:32","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:33:32","slug":"prvni-saper-francie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/prvni-saper-francie\/","title":{"rendered":"Prvn\u00ed sap\u00e9r Francie"},"content":{"rendered":"

Stru\u010dn\u00e1 historie sap\u00e9r\u016f francouzsk\u00fdch gardov\u00fdch p\u011b\u0161\u00edch gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Prvn\u00edho sap\u00e9ra Francie, tedy ser\u017eanta, kter\u00fd jim v\u0161em velel a kr\u00e1\u010del p\u0159i defil\u00e9 v \u010dele cel\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy.<\/em><\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed sap\u00e9r Francie byl podle v\u0161ech p\u0159edpis\u016f popisuj\u00edc\u00edch slo\u017een\u00ed sboru gardov\u00fdch p\u011b\u0161\u00edch gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f ser\u017eantem. Podle Luciena Rousselota byli sap\u00e9\u0159i ustaveni po dvou v ka\u017ed\u00e9 gran\u00e1tnick\u00e9 rot\u011b dekretem z 8. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1800, tj. celkem 32 sap\u00e9r\u016f, z nich jeden kapr\u00e1l-sap\u00e9r a jeden ser\u017eant-sap\u00e9r. Toto uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed je potvrzeno dekretem z 8. b\u0159ezna 1802 a nad\u00e1le na n\u011bm ji\u017e nebylo nic m\u011bn\u011bno, a to ani po vytvo\u0159en\u00ed 2. pluku v roce 1806, je\u017e bylo de facto jen rozd\u011blen\u00edm ka\u017ed\u00e9ho batalionu na dva, ani po n\u00e1sledn\u00e9m slou\u010den\u00ed pluk\u016f v roce 1808 a op\u011btn\u00e9m vytvo\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00e9ho druh\u00e9ho v roce 1811; ser\u017eant i kapr\u00e1l byli i nad\u00e1le jen u prvn\u00edho pluku, a celek defiloval jako jeden sbor v \u010dele za v\u0161emi 32 sap\u00e9ry, hudbou a buben\u00edky.<\/p>\n

Jedin\u00e9, co stoj\u00ed za pov\u0161imnut\u00ed z hlediska organizace sap\u00e9r\u016f, je, \u017ee ustavuj\u00edc\u00edm dekretem c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 gardy z 29. \u010dervence 1804 z\u00edskali sap\u00e9\u0159i „rang de caporal“, tj. za\u0159azen\u00ed \u010di postaven\u00ed kapr\u00e1la. A to ani\u017e by nosili kapr\u00e1lsk\u00e9 hodnostn\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed, je\u017e nad\u00e1le pat\u0159ilo jen kapr\u00e1l-sap\u00e9rovi. Sap\u00e9\u0159i tedy byli nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed gardov\u00fdm gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016fm a jejich postaven\u00ed odpov\u00eddalo gardov\u00fdm kapr\u00e1l\u016fm. Kapr\u00e1l-sap\u00e9r gardy t\u00edm z\u00edskal postaven\u00ed mezi kapr\u00e1lem a ser\u017eantem, pro ser\u017eant-sap\u00e9ra se nic nem\u011bnilo. Potvrzuje to i tabulka stanovuj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eold p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f sboru, kde je \u017eold ser\u017eant-sap\u00e9ra stejn\u00fd jako \u017eold ser\u017eanta gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f, \u017eold kapr\u00e1l-sap\u00e9ra je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u017eold kapr\u00e1la, a \u017eold sap\u00e9ra odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u017eoldu kapr\u00e1la gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pokud jde o uniformy, podle Rousselota od roku 1802 nosili sap\u00e9\u0159i atributy uniformy ser\u017eanta, tj. zlatem protkan\u00e9 pletence a \u0161\u0148\u016fry na medv\u011bdici (bez \u0161t\u00edtku) a z\u00e1p\u011bstn\u00ed \u0159emeny a zlatem zdoben\u00e9 epolety, a v\u0161echny n\u00e1\u0161ivky (sekery na ruk\u00e1vech i na \u0161osech) tak\u00e9 zlatem vyveden\u00e9. Hodnostn\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed odpov\u00eddalo jejich hodnostn\u00edmu stupni, tj. sap\u00e9r bez hodnostn\u00edho ozna\u010den\u00ed, kapr\u00e1l dva zlato\u017elut\u00e9 (aurore) pr\u00fdmky na ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159edlokt\u00ed, ser\u017eant jeden zlat\u00fd. Ser\u017eantsk\u00e9 epolety dostaly v roce 1806 m\u00edsto svrchn\u00ed \u010derven\u00e9 \u0159ady t\u0159\u00e1sn\u00ed \u0159adu zlatou. Rousselot to nepopisuje, ale \u010dl\u00e1nek Paula Dawsona<\/a>, kter\u00fd se odvol\u00e1v\u00e1 na v\u0161echny dostupn\u00e9 prameny, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee ser\u017eant nosil epolety ser\u017eant-majora, tj. do roku 1806 s jednou a od roku 1806 se dv\u011bma svrchn\u00edmi \u0159adami ve zlat\u011b. V roce 1810 p\u0159ibylo bohat\u00e9 lemov\u00e1n\u00ed na \u0161vech fraku.<\/p>\n

Dawson tak\u00e9 zmi\u0148uje vy\u0161it\u00fd gran\u00e1t nad zk\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00fdmi sekerami na ruk\u00e1vu ser\u017eanta sap\u00e9r\u016f: „the presence of the flaming grenade over the crossed axes has only been ascribed to the Sergent Sapeur, who wore the Sergents rank bars, and wore epaulettes of a Sergent-Major“.<\/p>\n

Podle Andr\u00e9 Jouineaua ser\u017eant-sap\u00e9r nenosil sekeru, ale dv\u011b pistole, podle Charmyho nenosil sekeru ani kapr\u00e1l-sap\u00e9r.<\/p>\n

V po\u0159ad\u00ed prvn\u00edm Prvn\u00edm sap\u00e9rem Francie byl Dominique Gaye-Mariole, narodil se 27. prosince 1767 a slu\u017ebu nastoupil ve 24 letech 1. \u00fanora 1792 jako dobrovoln\u00edk 2. mysliveck\u00e9ho batalionu des Hautes Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es. Podle r\u016fzn\u00fdch pramen\u016f m\u011b\u0159il mezi 1,90 m a 2,10 m. D\u00edky tomu byl ji\u017e 1. dubna jmenov\u00e1n tambor-majorem. Bojoval v It\u00e1lii, kde byl n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t zran\u011bn, slou\u017eil u Anglick\u00e9 a u R\u00fdnsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy. Dne 6. prosince 1800 byl p\u0159ijat do sboru p\u011b\u0161\u00edch gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f Konzul\u00e1rn\u00ed gardy a 22. prosince 1801 byl pov\u00fd\u0161en na ser\u017eanta sap\u00e9r\u016f; 5. \u00fanora 1804 dostal \u010cestnou legii z Napoleonov\u00fdch rukou, kter\u00fd mu \u0159ekl: „Voici une pour l’Indomptable“, „tady jedna pro Nepoddajn\u00e9ho“.<\/p>\n

Pro\u0161el ta\u017een\u00edmi 1805, 1806, 1807 a byl s gardou i v roce 1808 ve \u0160pan\u011blsku. Do penze ode\u0161el v \u00fanoru 1810 (ale zabojoval si je\u0161t\u011b v roce 1814 v ji\u017en\u00ed Francii proti Wellingtovi jako dobrovoln\u00edk).<\/p>\n

V bitv\u011b u Arcole m\u011bl zachr\u00e1nit \u017eivot gener\u00e1la Bonaparta. Byl neoby\u010dejn\u011b siln\u00fd a existuje historka, podle n\u00ed\u017e u Tyl\u017ee pozdravil proj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bj\u00edc\u00edho Napoleona t\u011b\u017eko uv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem: m\u011bl odlo\u017eit musketon, chopit se hlavn\u011b vedle stoj\u00edc\u00edho 4libern\u00edho Gribeauvalu a d\u00e1t s n\u00ed k poct\u011b zbra\u0148 (hlave\u0148 4libern\u00edho kan\u00f3nu v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed 350 kg). Napoleon se m\u011bl zastavit, oslovit ho jm\u00e9nem a zeptat se ho, jak pozdrav\u00ed za n\u00edm jedouc\u00edho cara. Mariole mu m\u011bl odpov\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee vezme op\u011bt do ruky musketon a pozdrav\u00ed ho musketonem, proto\u017ee pro cara to bude sta\u010dit. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hypot\u00e9za je, \u017ee \u0161lo o jednolibern\u00ed ko\u0159ist\u00ed kan\u00f3nek (113 kg), historku potvrzuje i baron Larrey ve sv\u00fdch pam\u011btech, jako sil\u00e1ka v\u0161ak uv\u00e1d\u00ed sap\u00e9ra jin\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na („Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte“, tedy jmenovce mar\u0161\u00e1la)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Socha Prvn\u00edho sap\u00e9ra Francie Mariola je na mal\u00e9m v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00e9m oblouku Carousselu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Stru\u010dn\u00e1 historie sap\u00e9r\u016f francouzsk\u00fdch gardov\u00fdch p\u011b\u0161\u00edch gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Prvn\u00edho sap\u00e9ra Francie, tedy ser\u017eanta, kter\u00fd jim v\u0161em velel a kr\u00e1\u010del p\u0159i defil\u00e9 v \u010dele cel\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":13192,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-771","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-francouzska-armada"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/771","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=771"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/771\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13194,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/771\/revisions\/13194"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13192"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=771"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=771"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=771"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}