{"id":772,"date":"2006-11-09T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2006-11-08T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/vecny-rebus-c-k-nebo-c-a-k\/"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:33:32","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:33:32","slug":"vecny-rebus-c-k-nebo-c-a-k","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/vecny-rebus-c-k-nebo-c-a-k\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u011b\u010dn\u00fd r\u00e9bus \u2013 c. k. nebo c. a k.?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>V\u011bt\u0161ina skupin vojensk\u00e9 historie, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch obecn\u011b na \u00e9ru b\u00fdval\u00e9 habsbursk\u00e9 monarchie, r\u00e1da p\u0159ed n\u00e1zvem historick\u00e9 jednotky, kterou jejich \u010dlenov\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed, uv\u00e1d\u00ed jistou kr\u00e1tkou formulku. Nej\u010dast\u011bji v podob\u011b \u201ec. k.\u201c, \u201ec. a k.\u201c, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b jej\u00edch n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ekvivalent\u016f \u201ek. k.\u201c nebo \u201ek. u. k.\u201c, k vid\u011bn\u00ed jsou v\u0161ak i dal\u0161\u00ed verze a formy. Toto obecn\u011b velmi zn\u00e1m\u00e9 a tradi\u010dn\u00ed historick\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed jasn\u011b identifikuje danou jednotku pr\u00e1v\u011b s n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00ed habsburskou arm\u00e1dou. Mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b je ov\u0161em roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eno pov\u011bdom\u00ed o vzniku, v\u00fdvoji a zm\u011bn\u00e1ch tohoto ozna\u010den\u00ed a souvislostech, kter\u00e9 je ovliv\u0148ovaly. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek se v kostce pokus\u00ed tuto problematiku shrnout a osv\u011btlit.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Brann\u00e1 moc v\u011bt\u0161iny evropsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f byla (a v cel\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f dosud st\u00e1le je) ofici\u00e1ln\u011b ozna\u010dov\u00e1na titulem panovn\u00edka, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e platilo obecn\u00e9 pravidlo, \u017ee p\u0159i vlastnictv\u00ed v\u00edcero titul\u016f t\u00edm nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm. Vl\u00e1dcov\u00e9 habsbursk\u00e9 monarchie byli se ji\u017e od 15. stolet\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b honosili titulem c\u00edsa\u0159\u016f Svat\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 n\u00e1roda n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho, ozna\u010dovan\u00e9ho jako c\u00edsa\u0159 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd, posl\u00e9ze c\u00edsa\u0159 \u0159\u00edmsko-n\u011bmeck\u00fd nebo c\u00edsa\u0159 n\u011bmeck\u00fd. Ozna\u010den\u00ed jejich brann\u00e9 moci bylo proto v t\u011bchto letech n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>1649\u20131740 <strong>c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e1 [c\u00eds., c\u00edsa\u0159.] arm\u00e1da <\/strong><em>(kaiserliche [kais., kaiserl.] Armee)<\/em><br \/>\nDo doby vl\u00e1dy Marie Terezie (1740\u20131780) byla arm\u00e1da panovn\u00edk\u016f z rodu Habsburk\u016f ozna\u010dov\u00e1na jako <strong>c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e1<\/strong>, co\u017e pramenilo z jimi d\u011bdi\u010dn\u011b dr\u017een\u00e9 hodnosti c\u00edsa\u0159\u016f Svat\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 n\u00e1roda n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed krom\u011b d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00fdch rakousk\u00fdch zem\u00ed a zemn\u00ed Koruny \u010desk\u00e9 tak\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161inu st\u00e1t\u016f na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho N\u011bmecka. Ozna\u010doval se tak i \u017eoldn\u00e9\u0159sk\u00e1 vojska, naj\u00edman\u00e1 habsbursk\u00fdmi c\u00edsa\u0159i p\u0159ed rokem 1649.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>1740\u20131745 <strong>kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 [kr., kr\u00e1l.] arm\u00e1da <\/strong><em>(k\u00f6nigliche [k\u00f6n., k\u00f6nigl.] Armee)<br \/>\n<\/em>Proto\u017ee Marie Terezie po smrti sv\u00e9ho otce jako \u017eena nemohla aspirovat na d\u016fstojenstv\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159e, byla podle pragmatick\u00e9 sankce kr\u00e1lovnou \u010deskou, uherskou atd. Proto v prvn\u00edm obdob\u00ed jej\u00ed vl\u00e1dy nach\u00e1z\u00edme kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd titul v ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm ozna\u010den\u00ed instituc\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b <strong>kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9<\/strong> arm\u00e1dy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>1745\u20131889 <strong>c\u00edsa\u0159sko-kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 [C. K., c. k., c. kr.] arm\u00e1da <\/strong>(<em>kaiserlich-k\u00f6nigliche [K. K., k. k.] Armee<\/em>)<br \/>\nKdy\u017e byl v roce 1745 byl n\u011bmeck\u00fdm c\u00edsa\u0159em zvolen man\u017eel Marie Terezie, lotrinsk\u00fd v\u00e9voda Franti\u0161ek \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1n jako c\u00edsa\u0159 Franti\u0161ek I. (1745\u20131765), vzniklo z jeho titulu c\u00edsa\u0159e a jej\u00edho titulu kr\u00e1lovny ozna\u010den\u00ed <strong>c\u00edsa\u0159sko-kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd <em>(c. k.)<\/em><\/strong>. V \u010desk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e se lze z\u0159\u00eddka setkat i se zkratkou <strong>c. kr.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>v mezidob\u00ed 1804\u20131806 rovn\u011b\u017e <strong>c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e1 a c\u00edsa\u0159sko-kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 [C. a C. K., c. a c. k.] arm\u00e1da <\/strong>(<em>kaiserliche und kaiserlich-k\u00f6nigliche [K. u. K. K., K. und K. K., k. u. k. k., k und k. k.] Armee<\/em>)<br \/>\nC\u00edsa\u0159 Franti\u0161ek (1792\u20131835), z\u00fa\u010dastniv\u0161\u00ed se bitvy u Slavkova, byl \u0159\u00edmskon\u011bmeck\u00fdm c\u00edsa\u0159em toho jm\u00e9na druh\u00fdm. V d\u016fsledku p\u0159evratn\u00fdch posun\u016f hranic na \u00fazem\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e v\u0161ak lesk jeho koruny sl\u00e1bl a c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fd titul se st\u00e1val st\u00e1le v\u00edce form\u00e1ln\u00edm. Proto pragmatick\u00fdm z\u00e1konem, kter\u00fd byl vyhl\u00e1\u0161en za doprovodu d\u011blov\u00fdch salv, vojensk\u00fdch p\u0159ehl\u00eddek a d\u011bkovn\u00fdch m\u0161\u00ed, 11. \u0159\u00edjna 1804 vzniklo Rakousk\u00e9 c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed, tedy soubor zem\u00ed, jejich\u017e tr\u016fny Habsburk\u016fm p\u0159\u00edmo pat\u0159ily \u2013 rakousk\u00fdch zem\u00ed, zem\u00ed Koruny \u010desk\u00e9 a Uher a p\u016fvodn\u00ed korunu na hlav\u00e1ch Habsburk\u016f nahradila \u201eRudolfova\u201c c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e1 koruna. Svat\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 v\u0161ak de iure st\u00e1le existovala \u2013 \u0159\u00edmsko-n\u011bmeck\u00fd c\u00edsa\u0159 Franti\u0161ek II. tedy byl sou\u010dasn\u011b rakousk\u00fdm c\u00edsa\u0159em Franti\u0161kem I. Zm\u011bnila se podoba c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9ho orla, objevuj\u00edc\u00edho se na z\u00e1stav\u00e1ch, minc\u00edch i dokumentech. A tento stav trval i 2. prosince 1805, kdy se Franti\u0161kova dvojjedinost prom\u00edtala i do ofici\u00e1ln\u00edho ozna\u010den\u00ed jeho arm\u00e1dy \u2013 <strong>c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e1 a c\u00edsa\u0159sko-kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 <em>(c. a c. k.)<\/em><\/strong>. N\u011bkolik set rok\u016f star\u00e1 Svat\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 n\u00e1roda n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho zanikla v d\u016fsledku slavkovsk\u00e9 prohry roku 1806. Pot\u00e9 se znovu zm\u011bnil c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fd orel a v\u0161echny instituce, v\u010detn\u011b arm\u00e1dy, za\u010daly b\u00fdt ozna\u010dov\u00e1ny jako <strong>c\u00edsa\u0159sko-kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9<\/strong> <strong><em>(c. k.)<\/em><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>1889\u20131918 <strong>c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e1 a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 [C. a K., c. a k.] arm\u00e1da <\/strong>(<em>kaiserliche und k\u00f6nigliche [K. u. K., K. und K., k. u. k., k. und k.] Armee<\/em>)<a title=\"\" href=\"#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]<br \/>\n<\/a>Ozna\u010den\u00ed <em>c. a k. <\/em>bylo pro rakousko-uherskou arm\u00e1du zavedeno a\u017e 17. \u0159\u00edjna 1889, kdy Franti\u0161ek Josef I. vydal Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rozkaz, publikovan\u00fd ve V\u011bstn\u00edku c. a k. \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9ho ministerstva v\u00e1lky jako ob\u011b\u017en\u00edk prezidi\u00e1ln\u00edho odd\u011blen\u00ed \u010d. j. 55871: <em>\u201e\u0158\u00edd\u011b se oby\u010dejem ji\u017e od sv\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f sledovan\u00fdm, dle n\u011bho\u017e se n\u00e1zev brann\u00e9 moci mocn\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed v\u017edy podle titulu Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho zem\u011bp\u00e1na a velitele vojska spravuje, uznal jsem za dobr\u00e9 na\u0159\u00edditi pr\u00e1v\u011b vydan\u00fdm rozkazem, aby se moje vojsko a moje v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 lo\u010fstvo od nyn\u011bj\u0161ka, m\u00edsto dosavadn\u00edho pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed, naz\u00fdvalo c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9.\u201c<\/em> Ostatn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ady spole\u010dn\u00e9 pro P\u0159edlitavsko i Zalitavsko (c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fd dv\u016fr, zahrani\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitosti, finance) pou\u017e\u00edvaly dualistick\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed c. a k. ji\u017e od 14. listopadu 1867.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>M\u016f\u017eeme se zde v t\u00e9to souvislosti pozastavit i nad pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm term\u00ednu \u201erakousk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da\u201c (<em>\u00d6sterreichische Armee<\/em>), vyskytuj\u00edc\u00edm se i v odborn\u00e9 literatu\u0159e. Ten je sice v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00fd, ale nikoli zcela p\u0159esn\u00fd.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]<\/a> Lze se setkat i s jeho r\u016fzn\u00fdmi variantami. Nap\u0159\u00edklad vojensk\u00e9 schematismy z letech 1810\u20131814 maj\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m n\u00e1zvu v\u00fdraz \u201erakousk\u00e1 c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da\u201c <em>(Oesterreichisch-Kaiserliche Arm\u00e9e)<\/em>. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nutnosti pokryt\u00ed obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed i po roce 1804, kdy byl poprv\u00e9 zaveden jednotn\u00fd ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1zev pro celou monarchii,<a title=\"\" href=\"#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]<\/a> je ka\u017ed\u00fd autor d\u0159\u00edve \u010di pozd\u011bji \u201edohn\u00e1n\u201c (zejm\u00e9na z jazykov\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f i kv\u016fli zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed) k pou\u017eit\u00ed term\u00ednu <strong>rakousk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Pozn\u00e1mky:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]<\/a> K problematice rakousk\u00e9 (rakousko-uhersk\u00e9) st\u00e1tn\u00ed verb\u00e1ln\u00ed symboliky viz nap\u0159. MACEK, P., UHL\u00cd\u0158, L. <em>D\u011bjiny policie a \u010detnictva I.\u2013III. <\/em>Praha 1997\u20132001, I. d\u00edl, s. 32; TUP\u00dd, O., S\u00c1\u010cEK, K., UHL\u00cd\u0158, L. <em>Rakousk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da v roce 1805. <\/em>In: T\u0159et\u00ed koali\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lka. Jej\u00ed ko\u0159eny \u2013 jej\u00ed pozad\u00ed. T\u0159eb\u00ed\u010d 2004, s. 352; UHL\u00cd\u0158, L. <em>K rakousk\u00e9 ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed terminologii v polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed. <\/em>In. Sborn\u00edk k 200. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00ed brn\u011bnsk\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0161\u0165ansk\u00e9ho st\u0159eleck\u00e9ho sboru. Brno 2000, s. 151\u2013160; T\u00dd\u017d <em>K rakousk\u00e9 ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed terminologii v roce 1866. <\/em>In: Bellum 1866 \u010d. 5\/1995, s. 181\u2013190; T\u00dd\u017d <em>Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed terminologie habsbursk\u00e9 monarchie. <\/em>In: Genealogick\u00e9 a heraldick\u00e9 informace 1997. Ro\u010denka Moravsk\u00e9 genealogick\u00e9 a heraldick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Brno 1998, s. 42\u201346.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]<\/a> Vzhledem k ofici\u00e1ln\u00edmu ozna\u010den\u00ed st\u00e1tu je term\u00edn <strong>rakousk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da <\/strong>opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00fd v letech 1804\u20131868, v letech 1868\u20131918 lze hovo\u0159it o <strong>rakousko-uhersk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]<\/a> Habsbursk\u00e1 monarchie nem\u011bla a\u017e do roku 1804 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jednotn\u00fd ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1zev. V letech 1804\u20131868 se pro ni u\u017e\u00edvaly n\u00e1zvy <strong>C\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed Rakousko <\/strong>(<em>Kaiserthum \u00d6sterreich<\/em>), <strong>Rakousk\u00e9 c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed <\/strong>(<em>\u00d6sterreichisches Kaiserthum<\/em>) \u010di <strong>Rakousk\u00fd c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fd st\u00e1t <\/strong>(<em>\u00d6sterreichischer Kaiserstaat<\/em>), v letech 1868\u20131918 n\u00e1zvy <strong>Rakousko-uhersk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e <\/strong>(<em>\u00d6sterreich-ungarisches Reich<\/em>) nebo <strong>Rakousko-uhersk\u00e1 monarchie <\/strong>\u010dili <strong>Rakousko-uhersk\u00e9 mocn\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed <\/strong>(<em>\u00d6sterreich-ungarische Monarchie<\/em>).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u011bt\u0161ina skupin vojensk\u00e9 historie, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch obecn\u011b na \u00e9ru b\u00fdval\u00e9 habsbursk\u00e9 monarchie, r\u00e1da p\u0159ed n\u00e1zvem historick\u00e9 jednotky, kterou jejich \u010dlenov\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed, uv\u00e1d\u00ed jistou kr\u00e1tkou formulku. Nej\u010dast\u011bji v podob\u011b \u201ec. k.\u201c, \u201ec. a k.\u201c, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b jej\u00edch n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ekvivalent\u016f \u201ek. k.\u201c nebo \u201ek. u. k.\u201c, k vid\u011bn\u00ed jsou v\u0161ak i dal\u0161\u00ed verze a formy. Toto obecn\u011b velmi zn\u00e1m\u00e9 a tradi\u010dn\u00ed historick\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed jasn\u011b identifikuje danou jednotku pr\u00e1v\u011b s n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00ed habsburskou arm\u00e1dou. Mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b je ov\u0161em roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eno pov\u011bdom\u00ed o vzniku, v\u00fdvoji a zm\u011bn\u00e1ch tohoto ozna\u010den\u00ed a souvislostech, kter\u00e9 je ovliv\u0148ovaly. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek se v kostce pokus\u00ed tuto problematiku shrnout a osv\u011btlit.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":14583,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,44,30],"tags":[5962,5878],"class_list":["post-772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-rakouska-armada","category-podklady-pro-jednotky","tag-cisar-frantisek","tag-rakouska-armada"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/772","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=772"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/772\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13818,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/772\/revisions\/13818"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14583"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=772"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=772"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=772"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}