{"id":803,"date":"2007-03-02T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2007-03-01T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/pechota-v-18-stoleti-taktika-1-cast-i-kapitoly\/"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:33:31","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:33:31","slug":"pechota-v-18-stoleti-taktika-1-cast-i-kapitoly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/pechota-v-18-stoleti-taktika-1-cast-i-kapitoly\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u011bchota v 18. stolet\u00ed \u2013 Taktika, 1. \u010d\u00e1st I. kapitoly"},"content":{"rendered":"
KAPITOLA I.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

18. STOLET\u00cd A\u017d DO SEDMILET\u00c9 V\u00c1LKY.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

I. V\u00e1lka o d\u011bdictv\u00ed \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9. (1)<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

P\u0159es velk\u00fd rozd\u00edl mezi mu\u0161ketou a pu\u0161kou, z pohledu ovladatelnosti i rychlosti st\u0159elby, nevede zprvu zaveden\u00ed pu\u0161ky k \u00faprav\u00e1m existuj\u00edc\u00edch bojov\u00fdch postup\u016f a p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edch idej\u00ed. B\u011bhem v\u00e1lky o \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed nal\u00e9z\u00e1me st\u00e1le nezm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 formace, stejn\u00e9 pomal\u00e9 a lopotn\u00e9 evoluce, stejn\u00e9 palby po \u0159adech, po z\u00e1stupech i po odd\u011blen\u00edch. Ordonance z 2. b\u0159ezna 1703, j\u00ed\u017e budou brzy n\u00e1sledovat sta\u017een\u00ed p\u00edky z v\u00fdzbroje, ustavuje po\u010det \u0159ad\u016f na p\u011bt; v pr\u016fb\u011bhu v\u00e1lky se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na \u010dty\u0159i, pak na t\u0159i, a praxe jej bude udr\u017eovat na \u010dty\u0159ech a\u017e do poloviny 18. stolet\u00ed. Za b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed je rozchod mezi \u0159ady 4 metry (6 krok\u016f); hloubka formace je tedy asi 20 metr\u016f (30 krok\u016f). Kolony po odd\u00edlech<\/span> (par manche<\/span>), p\u016flodd\u00edlech<\/span> (demi-manche<\/span>) a \u010dtvrtodd\u00edlech<\/span> (quart de manche<\/span>) se formuj\u00ed a rozvinuj\u00ed jako doposud.<\/p>\n

R\u016fzn\u00e9 evropsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty vyvinou v t\u00e9to v\u00e1lce nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00fasil\u00ed a jeliko\u017e je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdrazn\u011b zvy\u0161ovat s\u00edlu jezdectva, po\u010det batalion\u016f se stane velmi zna\u010dn\u00fdm. D\u00edky tomu a d\u00edky \u00fa\u010dinnosti palby pu\u0161ek z\u00edsk\u00e1 p\u011bchota velkou d\u016fle\u017eitost. V mnoha sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch, jako u Speyerbachu (Spire<\/span>) a Denainu (2), hraje hlavn\u00ed \u00falohu. P\u0159esto u H\u00f6chst\u00e4dtu (1703) a Malplaquetu (1709) (3) je to je\u0161t\u011b jezdectvo, je\u017e p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdsledek.<\/p>\n

U Malplaquetu (4) jsou \u00fa\u010dinky palby stra\u0161n\u00e9. Na na\u0161em lev\u00e9m k\u0159\u00eddle pluky de Bretagne, de Provence, La Sarre, Charost a le Roi vedou palbu na \u00fa\u010dinnou vzd\u00e1lenost a p\u016fsob\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edteli zna\u010dn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty. V\u0161ichni plukovn\u00edci, podplukovn\u00edci a majo\u0159i nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch pluk\u016f jsou zabiti \u010di zran\u011bni a v n\u011bkter\u00fdch batalionech z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed jen dva \u010di t\u0159i d\u016fstojn\u00edci. Na na\u0161\u00ed stran\u011b je polovina stavu vy\u0159azena z boje. Nep\u0159\u00edteli se poda\u0159\u00ed d\u00edky po\u010detn\u00ed p\u0159evaze dob\u00edt na\u0161e opevn\u011bn\u00ed, ale jeho postup se omez\u00ed jen na to. Irov\u00e9 a brig\u00e1da de Champagne provedou proti\u00fatok, kter\u00fd jej zcela zastav\u00ed. \u00datok na\u0161eho jezdectva proti spojeneck\u00e9mu, je\u017e se objev\u00ed na na\u0161em lev\u00e9m boku, ukon\u010d\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed pokusy z t\u00e9to strany.<\/p>\n

Nep\u0159\u00edtel zatla\u010dil na\u0161e linie ve st\u0159edu, vyslal vp\u0159ed sv\u00e9 jezdectvo ale na\u0161e jeho eskadrony rozhodn\u00fdm \u00fatokem v \u010dele s mar\u0161\u00e1lem de Boufflers zastavilo. \u201e\u0160estkr\u00e1t nep\u0159\u00edtel za\u00fato\u010dil a \u0161estkr\u00e1t urag\u00e1n na\u0161eho jezdectva pole vymetl“, ale nemohli jsme o nic v\u00edce ne\u017e n\u00e1\u0161 nep\u0159\u00edtel z\u00edskat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159evahu, nebo\u0165 se p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m \u00fatoku na\u0161e eskadrony \u201emusely zastavit p\u0159ed palbou z opevn\u011bn\u00ed a st\u00e1hnout se, odra\u017eeny nikoli spojeneck\u00fdm jezdectvem, ale jejich p\u011bchotou.“<\/p>\n

Na na\u0161em prav\u00e9m k\u0159\u00eddle je nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e1 p\u011bchota rozdrcena palbou z na\u0161ich opevn\u011bn\u00ed, p\u0159ed nimi\u017e nech\u00e1v\u00e1 hust\u00e9 \u0159ady mrtvol. \u201eBez mo\u017enosti obnovit \u00fasil\u00ed, je\u017e ji zcela vy\u010derpalo, spokoj\u00ed se s udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm palby na d\u00e1lku“; zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee st\u0159elba nikdy nedos\u00e1hla takov\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f. \u201eV t\u00e9to z\u00edskali na\u0161i voj\u00e1ci pocit, \u017ee bitva je vyhran\u00e1 a \u017ee sta\u010d\u00ed vyrazit na prav\u00e9m k\u0159\u00eddle do \u00fatoku, aby byla por\u00e1\u017eka batalion\u016f, je\u017e byly pr\u00e1v\u011b zdecimov\u00e1ny palbou, zavr\u0161ena.“ Ale my\u0161lenka dosa\u017een\u00ed velk\u00e9ho v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed \u00fatokem p\u011bchoty je\u0161t\u011b nebyla za\u017eit\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Ztr\u00e1ty zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 palbou p\u011bchoty a v\u00fdznam materi\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f jsou tak nesrovnateln\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v dob\u011b mu\u0161ket, nicm\u00e9n\u011b role, kterou hraj\u00ed ob\u011b zbran\u011b je v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b stejn\u00e1 jako v bitv\u00e1ch let 1674 a 1675. Jako u Zintzheimu je jezdectvo ofenzivn\u00ed slo\u017ekou arm\u00e1dy, p\u011bchota u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 sv\u00e9 palby p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k zastaven\u00ed jezdeck\u00e9ho \u00fatoku. P\u0159esto nabyla v\u011bdom\u00ed o sv\u00e9 s\u00edle a cht\u011bla by \u00fato\u010dit, dos\u00e1hnout nep\u0159\u00edtele. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee j\u00ed v tom br\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edsudky. U Denainu stejn\u011b jako u Speyerbachu (5) o v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed rozhoduje p\u011bchota \u00fato\u010d\u00edc\u00ed v kolon\u00e1ch, tedy zte\u010d\u00ed, nikoli palbou. Je pravda, \u017ee v t\u011bchto sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch \u00fato\u010d\u00ed p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b a \u017ee se nejedn\u00e1 o pravideln\u00e9 bitvy.<\/p>\n

Jsme nuceni se zde omezit jen na n\u011bkolik charakteristick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, je\u017e n\u00e1m poslou\u017e\u00ed za vhodn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady. A je samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee kdybychom se v\u011bnovali v\u00e1lk\u00e1m Ludv\u00edka XIV. do podrobnost\u00ed, narazili bychom jako v\u017edy na zmatky, sm\u011bs r\u016fzn\u00fdch protismysln\u00fdch zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed, z \u010deho\u017e by bylo v prvn\u00edm okam\u017eiku obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 dosp\u011bt k ur\u010dit\u00fdm z\u00e1v\u011br\u016fm. V\u00edcero ud\u00e1lost\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00edho v\u00fdznamu by se zjevilo v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b s takovou z\u0159ejmost\u00ed, \u017ee by bylo nemo\u017en\u00e9 vyhnout se jejich zm\u00ednce. V prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b zru\u0161en\u00ed p\u00edky zavr\u0161en\u00e9 postupn\u011b v\u00fdvojem ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, vynucen\u00e9 obecn\u00fdm m\u00edn\u011bn\u00edm je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e jej na\u0159\u00edd\u00ed p\u0159edpisy. P\u0159evaha p\u0159iznan\u00e1 boji palbou, p\u0159evaha, je\u017e se prokazovala ji\u017e d\u00e9le ne\u017e sto let zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm po\u010dtu mu\u0161ket\u00fdr\u016f na \u00fakor piken\u00fdr\u016f a jejich tak\u0159ka \u00fapln\u00fdm zru\u0161en\u00edm je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e p\u0159i\u0161lo na \u0159adu nahrazen\u00ed p\u00edky bajonetem. Tato p\u0159evaha je citeln\u00e1 tak\u00e9 zten\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm formac\u00ed. Stejn\u011b jako zmiz\u00ed d\u00edky v\u00fdvoji ud\u00e1lost\u00ed piken\u00fd\u0159i, v pr\u016fb\u011bhu v\u00e1lek, z v\u016fle v\u0161ech, tak tak\u00e9 ka\u017ed\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed vede ke zten\u010den\u00ed formac\u00ed, zat\u00edmco ordonance by cht\u011bla udr\u017eet jejich hloubku v p\u011bti \u0159adech.<\/p>\n

Co je na t\u011bchto prom\u011bn\u00e1ch zavr\u0161en\u00fdch za Ludv\u00edka XIV. zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pozoruhodn\u00e9 je, \u017ee nejsou d\u00edlem n\u011bjak\u00e9ho ministra, gener\u00e1la, pr\u00e1v\u011b naopak, jsou provedeny v arm\u00e1d\u00e1ch, na bitevn\u00edch pol\u00edch, pod tlakem ud\u00e1lost\u00ed. Maj\u00ed tedy s ni\u010d\u00edm nesrovnatelnou vypov\u00eddac\u00ed hodnotu.
\nKone\u010dn\u011b posledn\u00ed pozoruhodn\u00fd moment v\u00e1lek let 1689-1715 je zna\u010dn\u00e9 omezen\u00ed, mohli bychom a\u017e \u0159\u00edci zmizen\u00ed tiraj\u00e9r\u016f v bitv\u011b. Ani u Fleurusu, ani u H\u00f6chst\u00e4dtu, ani u Malplaquet nenal\u00e9z\u00e1me ony rojnice dragoun\u016f, pikety, ony od\u0159ady, je\u017e dod\u00e1valy Turennov\u00fdm man\u00e9vr\u016fm tolik pru\u017enosti a pestrosti. (6) Dragouni, zprvu j\u00edzdn\u00ed p\u011bchota, se pomalu v\u00edce bl\u00ed\u017eili jezdectvu, maj\u00ed za \u0161lechetn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fato\u010dit v sedle ne\u017e bojovat jako rozpt\u00fdlen\u00ed p\u011b\u0161\u00ed st\u0159elci.<\/p>\n

Pokud jde o pikety o pades\u00e1ti mu\u017e\u00edch na batalion, ty st\u00e1le existuj\u00ed, ale v t\u011bchto vyrovnan\u00fdch bitv\u00e1ch o \u0161irok\u00fdch a pravideln\u00fdch front\u00e1ch nejsou nasazov\u00e1ny mimo linie. Jsou u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny v boj\u00edch o pevn\u00e1 postaven\u00ed a v poln\u00ed slu\u017eb\u011b. Na hranic\u00edch je mnoho svobodn\u00fdch rot (compagnies franches<\/span>), ale po v\u011bt\u0161inu \u010dasu jsou nasazeny daleko od arm\u00e1dy, v okol\u00ed pevnost\u00ed \u010di opevn\u011bn\u00fdch postaven\u00ed, kde maj\u00ed tak\u0159ka absolutn\u00ed nez\u00e1vislost.<\/p>\n

Pozn\u00e1mky:<\/span>

(1) 1701-1714.<\/span>

(2) 15. listopadu 1703 a 24. \u010dervence 1712.<\/span>

(3) 13. srpna 1704 a 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1709.<\/span>

(4) U Speyerbachu (1703) na\u0161e p\u011bchota kv\u016fli v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rychlosti neztr\u00e1c\u00ed \u010das formov\u00e1n\u00edm, ale \u00fato\u010d\u00ed v cestovn\u00ed kolon\u011b. U Denainu (1712) je \u00fatok proveden v kolon\u00e1ch, jejich\u017e \u0161\u00ed\u0159i \u010dela nezn\u00e1me, ale je\u017e se skl\u00e1daly z po sob\u011b n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch slo\u017eek, batalion\u016f, \u010di peloton\u016f, p\u0159ed nimi\u017e postupovali gran\u00e1tn\u00edci a pikety.<\/span>

(5) Viz kapit\u00e1n SAUTAI. La Bataille de Malplaquet. Paris, 1904.<\/span>
Gener\u00e1lporu\u010d\u00edk DE VAULT. M\u00e9moires militaires relatifs \u00e0 la Succession d’Espagne, vydn\u00e9 gener\u00e1lem Peletem. Paris, 1835-1862.<\/span>
QUINCY, FEUQUI\u00c8RES, atd.<\/span>

(6) Vymizen\u00ed tiraj\u00e9r\u016f je t\u0159eba p\u0159i\u010d\u00edst tomu, \u017ee byla kone\u010dn\u011b k dispozici zbra\u0148 v \u0159adech velice snadno ovladateln\u00e1 a \u017ee z\u00e1m\u011brem bylo d\u00e1t palb\u011b co nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enou hustotu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zp\u011bt na obsah.<\/a>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prvn\u00ed kapitola Colinovy studie se v\u011bnuje prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b 18. stolet\u00ed a kon\u010d\u00ed na konci sedmilet\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st je v\u011bnov\u00e1na v\u00e1lce o d\u011bdictv\u00ed \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,6214],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-803","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-texty_bez_rubriky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/803","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=803"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/803\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12858,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/803\/revisions\/12858"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=803"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=803"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=803"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}