{"id":807,"date":"2007-03-30T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2007-03-29T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/pechota-v-18-stoleti-taktika-4-cast-i-kapitoly\/"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:33:31","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:33:31","slug":"pechota-v-18-stoleti-taktika-4-cast-i-kapitoly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/pechota-v-18-stoleti-taktika-4-cast-i-kapitoly\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u011bchota v 18. stolet\u00ed \u2013 Taktika, 4. \u010d\u00e1st I. kapitoly"},"content":{"rendered":"
Nasazov\u00e1n\u00ed tiraj\u00e9r\u016f se od regentstv\u00ed (1) siln\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo. Pikety o 50 fyzil\u00edrech v ka\u017ed\u00e9m batalionu byly, spolu s gran\u00e1tnick\u00fdmi rotami, nasazov\u00e1ny p\u0159ed lini\u00ed nebo na jej\u00edch boc\u00edch, jednou rozvinut\u00ed pravideln\u011b, jindy rozpt\u00fdlen\u00ed a obsazuj\u00edc\u00ed ploty, dv\u016fr, ml\u00fdn, okraj lesa. Rychlost palby doznala celkem zna\u010dn\u00e9ho pokroku (fyzil\u00edr mohl vyp\u00e1lit jednou a\u017e dvakr\u00e1t za minutu) na to, aby samostatn\u00ed st\u0159elci byli sto v\u00e9st v boji \u00fa\u010dinnou akci. Ji\u017e nejsou vyd\u00e1ni napospas \u00fatoku chladnou zbran\u00ed.<\/div>\n
\nPoprv\u00e9 bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 spat\u0159it takto nasazovan\u00e9 gran\u00e1tn\u00edky a pikety ve v\u00fdcvikov\u00fdch t\u00e1borech v roce 1727. V \u00fatoku vid\u00edme gran\u00e1tn\u00edky postupovat, aby vyp\u00e1lili, n\u00e1sledn\u011b se st\u00e1hnou na prav\u00e1 a lev\u00e1 k\u0159\u00eddla batalion\u016f, aby znovu nabili. V jin\u00e9m man\u00e9vru pochoduje jednotka na nep\u0159\u00edtele v dobr\u00e9m po\u0159\u00e1dku a gran\u00e1tn\u00edci se s podporou piketu vysunou vp\u0159ed; n\u00e1sledn\u011b se st\u00e1hnou pod ochranou palby piket\u016f. A nakonec linie, kter\u00e1 byla odra\u017eena, se vrac\u00ed do \u00fatoku, vys\u00edl\u00e1 sv\u00e9 gran\u00e1tn\u00edky a pikety proti nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdm, je\u017e vrhaj\u00ed a\u017e do bl\u00edzkosti jejich vlastn\u00ed linie.<\/p>\n

V t\u00e1bo\u0159e Gray v roce 1754 byla kombinov\u00e1na akce gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f a piket\u016f s akc\u00ed jednotek v hust\u00e9 sestav\u011b (ordre dense<\/span>, v \u0161esti \u0159adech) proti prost\u00e9 linii ve t\u0159ech \u0159adech; hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed o tom \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eJe velmi jist\u00e9, \u017ee arm\u00e1da, je\u017e z\u016fstane v \u0161esti \u0159adech a nevede palbu ne\u017e sv\u00fdmi gran\u00e1tn\u00edky a pikety, zcela zni\u010dila tu, je\u017e z\u016fstala ve t\u0159ech \u0159adech a p\u00e1lila po cel\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159i sv\u00e9ho \u010dela…<\/p>\n

Ve vzd\u00e1lenosti 120 krok\u016f od nep\u0159\u00edtele postoupili gran\u00e1tn\u00edci, pikety a k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00ed bataliony o dvacet krok\u016f vp\u0159ed, kde zah\u00e1jili palbu. B\u011bhem tohoto pochodu a t\u00e9to palby, je\u017e kryla pohyby, je\u017e byly prov\u00e1d\u011bny vzadu, t\u0159i st\u0159edov\u00e9 bataliony zdvojily sv\u00e9 \u0159ady, p\u0159idaly se k deta\u0161ovan\u00fdm jednotk\u00e1m a pochodovaly n\u00e1sledn\u011b zdvojen\u00fdm krokem na nep\u0159\u00e1telskou linii, j\u00ed\u017e rozrazily st\u0159ed.“<\/p>\n

Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee p\u0159i t\u011bchto r\u016fzn\u00fdch v otev\u0159en\u00e9m ter\u00e9nu prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch man\u00e9vrech gran\u00e1tn\u00edci a pikety z\u016fstaly ob\u010das v pravideln\u00e9 formaci; v t\u00e1borech Apremont a Plobsheim ji\u017e tomu je jinak. Man\u00e9vr proveden\u00fd v Apremontu panem de Vault (2) n\u00e1m ji\u017e nab\u00edz\u00ed gran\u00e1tn\u00edky a pikety v roli tiraj\u00e9r\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u201eNep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da m\u00e1 p\u0159evahu v po\u010dtu voj\u00e1k\u016f, arm\u00e1da Apremontu v\u011bnuje ve\u0161kerou pozornost udr\u017een\u00ed vesnice Champvant a ml\u00fdnu, a vesnice Esmoulins, kter\u00e9 kryj\u00ed jej\u00ed prav\u00e9 a lev\u00e9 k\u0159\u00eddlo; t\u0159i roty p\u011b\u0161\u00edch dragoun\u016f budou nasazeny k ostraze Champvantu, dv\u011b roty gran\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f na most\u011b, aby jej br\u00e1nily, a chr\u00e1nily tak, bude-li to t\u0159eba, \u00fastup dragoun\u016f; dva pikety u ml\u00fdna, osm piket\u016f nad vinicemi; t\u0159in\u00e1ct piket\u016f ve vesnici Esmoulins; jeden piket u potoka na cest\u011b do Apremontu; jedna rota p\u011b\u0161\u00edch dragoun\u016f na most\u011b v Temblois<\/span>.“ (3)<\/p>\n

Zd\u00e1 se nemo\u017en\u00e9, aby v\u0161echny zde vyjmenovan\u00e9 pikety mohly d\u011blat cokoli jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e boj o ur\u010ditou pozici, mimo pravidelnou formaci. P\u0159i jin\u00fdch man\u00e9vrech proveden\u00fdch ve stejn\u00e9m t\u00e1bo\u0159e mus\u00ed deta\u0161ovan\u00ed gran\u00e1tn\u00edci a pikety batalion\u016f z\u016fstat, jak jen to je mo\u017en\u00e9, v rozvinut\u00e9 linii.<\/p>\n

Vojsko stoj\u00edc\u00ed proti panu de Vault \u00fato\u010d\u00ed na vesnici Esmoulins t\u0159emi mal\u00fdmi kolonami tvo\u0159en\u00fdmi gran\u00e1tn\u00edky a pikety, je\u017e maj\u00ed proniknout na hlavn\u00ed pozice ve vesnici, zat\u00edmco mezi nimi rozvinut\u00e9 bataliony povedou palbu po pelotonech. \u201eJakmile kolony, je\u017e proniknou do vesnice, usly\u0161\u00ed obr\u00e1nce bubnovat do \u00fatoku a uvid\u00ed je postupovat proti sob\u011b s bajonety na \u00fast\u00ed hlavn\u011b, ka\u017ed\u00fd kapit\u00e1n nech\u00e1 v\u0161echny sv\u00e9 voj\u00e1ky vyp\u00e1lit, projde v nepo\u0159\u00e1dku ploty a shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u00ed se za sv\u00fdmi bataliony.<\/span>“<\/p>\n

Jin\u00e1 kolona, je\u017e dos\u00e1hne vesnice Champvant, provede jej\u00ed pr\u016fzkum mal\u00fdmi odd\u00edly, \u201eje\u017e provedou lehkou p\u0159est\u0159elku palbou z pu\u0161ky<\/span>.“<\/p>\n

V t\u00e1bo\u0159e Plobsheim je p\u011bt gran\u00e1tnick\u00fdch rot v p\u0159edvoji. Nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e1 postaven\u00ed jsou um\u00edst\u011bna v plotech, aby zt\u00ed\u017eila p\u0159echod Illu, gran\u00e1tn\u00edci vyraz\u00ed vp\u0159ed spolu s dragouny, zmocn\u00ed se n\u011bkolika hou\u0161tin na prav\u00e9m a lev\u00e9m k\u0159\u00eddle, a pak s podporou jedn\u00e9 brig\u00e1dy vytla\u010duj\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edtele od plotu k plotu. J\u00e1dro p\u011bchoty se rozvine za nimi.<\/p>\n

V jin\u00e9m man\u00e9vru je kolona zastavena gran\u00e1tn\u00edky a pikety, je\u017e nep\u0159\u00edtel um\u00edstil do lesa. Jsou tam napadeni p\u011b\u0161\u00edmi dragouny, atd.<\/p>\n

Vypad\u00e1 to, \u017ee se zde jedn\u00e1 o boj tiraj\u00e9r\u016f. V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se b\u011b\u017en\u011b p\u0159ed arm\u00e1du, proti ur\u010dit\u00fdm \u00fasek\u016fm, les\u016fm, plot\u016fm, vinic\u00edm deta\u0161uj\u00ed mal\u00e9 odd\u00edly, kter\u00e9 po v\u011bt\u0161inu \u010dasu vedou nepravidelnou palbu (4). A\u010d p\u0159i man\u00e9vrech v dob\u011b m\u00edru z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed zformov\u00e1ny pravideln\u011b ve t\u0159ech \u0159adech, jejich role se t\u00edm nem\u011bn\u00ed. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed je, \u017ee palba nen\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bna na povel.<\/p>\n

Maurice de Saxe napsal: \u201eJe nemo\u017en\u00e9, aby voj\u00e1k zam\u00ed\u0159il sv\u016fj v\u00fdst\u0159el, je-li ru\u0161en pozornost\u00ed, j\u00ed\u017e je nucen v\u011bnovat povelu.<\/span>“ Palba tiraj\u00e9r\u016f je pro n\u011bj tedy jedin\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 a pr\u00e1v\u011b tu nech\u00e1v\u00e1 prov\u00e1d\u011bt lehce vyzbrojen\u00fdmi (arm\u00e9s \u00e0 la l\u00e9g\u00e8re<\/span>), o nich\u017e hovo\u0159\u00ed ve sv\u00fdch Sn\u011bn\u00edch<\/span>: \u201e\u00dato\u010d\u00ed-li na n\u00e1s p\u011bchota, lehce vyzbrojen\u00ed mus\u00ed b\u00fdt rozpt\u00fdleni p\u0159ed \u010delem ve vzd\u00e1lenosti 100, 150 \u010di 200 krok\u016f vp\u0159edu. Na nep\u0159\u00edtele mus\u00ed zah\u00e1jit palbu ze vzd\u00e1lenosti 300 krok\u016f, bez rozkazu \u010di povelu, a dle vlastn\u00ed libosti. Ka\u017ed\u00fd kapit\u00e1n lehce vyzbrojen\u00fdch nesm\u00ed nechat bubnovat na \u00fastup a nevyraz\u00ed se sv\u00fdm prapor\u010d\u00edkem, aby se st\u00e1hl, dokud nen\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edtel na 50 krok\u016f; a mus\u00ed se ke sv\u00e9mu pluku vr\u00e1tit velmi pomalu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e bude \u010das od \u010dasu p\u00e1lit, dokud se nedostane k batalion\u016fm, je\u017e tou dobou ji\u017e mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v pohybu. Budou tedy moci p\u00e1lit po dobu, kterou nep\u0159\u00edtel pot\u0159ebuje, aby ud\u011blal t\u011bchto 300 krok\u016f; bude pot\u0159ebovat v\u017edy sedm a\u017e osm minut… Je t\u00edm p\u00e1dem z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 bataliony utrp\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd nejm\u00e9n\u011b \u010dty\u0159i sta a\u017e p\u011bt set ran, ne\u017e se sami dostanou k tomu na m\u011b za\u00fato\u010dit, a to od koho? Od lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed tr\u00e1v\u00ed \u017eivot st\u0159\u00edlen\u00edm na c\u00edl z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti, nejsou sev\u0159en\u00ed, st\u0159\u00edlej\u00ed klidn\u011b, jsou zru\u010dn\u00ed a rychl\u00ed a nejsou nijak ru\u0161eni, a\u0165 ji\u017e povely nebo obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fdm postojem, kter\u00fd mus\u00ed dr\u017eet, jsou-li v \u0159adech, kde do sebe strkaj\u00ed a br\u00e1n\u00ed si ve v\u00fdhledu a v m\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed; a tvrd\u00edm, \u017ee jedna r\u00e1na vyst\u0159elen\u00e1 t\u011bmito lehce vyzbrojen\u00fdmi se rovn\u00e1 dob\u0159e deseti ran\u00e1m vyst\u0159elen\u00fdm ostatn\u00edmi<\/span>.“<\/p>\n

Pan d’H\u00e9rouville ve sv\u00e9m Pojedn\u00e1n\u00ed o legi\u00edch vyjad\u0159uje stejn\u00fd n\u00e1zor: \u201eP\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1m, \u017ee lehce vyzbrojen\u00ed budou dob\u0159e vyzbrojen\u00ed a budou vycvi\u010deni rychle nab\u00edjet svou pu\u0161ku a dob\u0159e st\u0159\u00edlet. Jakmile se legie se\u0159ad\u00ed do bitevn\u00ed sestavy, lehce vyzbrojen\u00ed postoup\u00ed o 50 nebo 100 krok\u016f vp\u0159ed, mezi ploty, domy, ke\u0159e a v\u0161ude, kde je bude mo\u017en\u00e9 um\u00edstit, a to tak, aby byl nep\u0159\u00edtel v jejich dost\u0159elu. Bataliony, je\u017e jim budou vystaveny, se na m\u00edst\u011b neudr\u017e\u00ed dlouho, ani\u017e by byly nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u011b zasahov\u00e1ny, a nebudou m\u00edt jinou volbu ne\u017e se st\u00e1hnout \u010di postoupit.<\/span>“<\/p>\n

V praxi vid\u00edme \u0159adu r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f, \u017ee ideje mar\u0161\u00e1la de Saxe o nasazen\u00ed tiraj\u00e9r\u016f byly v na\u0161em d\u016fstojnick\u00e9m sboru dosti roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9. Hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed o man\u00e9vrech proveden\u00fdch v dob\u011b m\u00edru n\u00e1s p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee k n\u011bmu bylo p\u0159istupov\u00e1no celkem obecn\u011b. Pozn\u00e1mky k ordonanci z roku 1754 z pera slavn\u00e9ho taktika Bombella n\u00e1m tento n\u00e1zor potvrzuj\u00ed: \u201eNa\u0161\u00ed p\u011bchot\u011b je vlastn\u00ed bojovat chladnou zbran\u00ed bez palby. V p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy se nach\u00e1z\u00ed za opevn\u011bn\u00edm, plotem, \u010di potokem, je na\u0161e dob\u0159e m\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 mysliveck\u00e1 palba<\/span> (<\/span>feu de chasseur)<\/span> nejvra\u017eedn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed; palba prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e1 na povel m\u00e1 jen pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek, mysliveck\u00e1 palba v\u00edce odpov\u00edd\u00e1 vloh\u00e1m na\u0161eho n\u00e1roda.<\/span>“ Bombelle si nevym\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed a nen\u00ed ani utopista. Jeho vzpom\u00ednky n\u00e1m dokazuj\u00ed, jak se dalo \u010dekat, \u017ee pikety \u010di mal\u00e9 od\u0159ady vr\u017een\u00e9 vp\u0159ed a na k\u0159\u00eddla arm\u00e1dy, do ur\u010dit\u00fdch postaven\u00ed, za ploty, potoky, \u010di na okraje lesa, \u010dasto vedly mysliveckou palbu a nez\u016fst\u00e1valy pravideln\u011b rozvinut\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Bitvy a sr\u00e1\u017eky sveden\u00e9 v pr\u016fb\u011bhu v\u00e1lky o d\u011bdictv\u00ed rakousk\u00e9 prok\u00e1zaly u\u017eite\u010dnost tiraj\u00e9r\u016f \u010di myslivc\u016f nasazen\u00fdch ve velk\u00fdch po\u010dtech. U Fontenoy byl Grassin\u016fv pluk cel\u00fd rozpt\u00fdlen (1200 mu\u017e\u016f, z nich 800 p\u011b\u0161\u00edch) v Barrysk\u00e9m lese a zastavil svou palbou obchvatn\u00fd pohyb Ingoldsbyho brig\u00e1dy. Jeho role se uk\u00e1zala tak v\u00fdznamnou, \u017ee byly ihned vytvo\u0159eny podobn\u00e9 \u00fatvary, a u Raucoux provedly dva pluky, Grassin\u016fv a La Moli\u00e8r\u016fv, v rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 sestav\u011b obchvat vesnice Ans a velmi p\u0159isp\u011bly k jej\u00edmu dobyt\u00ed. Bojovaly gran\u00e1tn\u00edci a pikety batalion\u016f nasazen\u00fdch v t\u00e9to vesnici zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 a p\u0159ed sv\u00fdmi pluky, jako tomu bylo p\u0159i man\u00e9vrech v letech 1727, 1730 a 1754? K tomu nelze \u0159\u00edci nic, nebo\u0165 hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed od Raucoux a od Laufeldu jsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 stru\u010dn\u00e1, aby takov\u00e9 detaily zm\u00ednila.<\/p>\n

Pozn\u00e1mky:<\/span>

(1) 1715-1723, regentem byl Philippe, v\u00e9voda d’Orl\u00e9ans (1674-1723).<\/span>

(2) Pierre-Eug\u00e8ne, hrab\u011b de Vault (1717-1790), v letech 1760-1790 \u0159editel v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho archivu (<\/span>d\u00e9p\u00f4t de la guerre), autor 125 svazk\u016f prac\u00ed v\u011bnovan\u00fdch pr\u016fb\u011bhu v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch ta\u017een\u00ed od roku 1671 do roku 1762 postaven\u00fdch na p\u016fvodn\u00edch dokumentech uchovan\u00fdch v archivu.<\/span>

(3) Revue militaire, ro\u010dn\u00edky 1899-1900.<\/span>

(4) <\/span>Feu de billebaude, tj. voln\u00e1 palba (<\/span>feu \u00e0 volont\u00e9).<\/span><\/p>\n

Zp\u011bt na obsah.<\/a>
\n<\/span>

<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

IV. Pikety a tiraj\u00e9\u0159i (1715\u20131753).

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