{"id":996,"date":"2010-01-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2010-01-17T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/jean-colin-napoleonovo-vojenske-vzdelani-uvod-i-1\/"},"modified":"2024-11-27T15:33:17","modified_gmt":"2024-11-27T13:33:17","slug":"jean-colin-napoleonovo-vojenske-vzdelani-uvod-i-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/jean-colin-napoleonovo-vojenske-vzdelani-uvod-i-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Jean Colin. Napoleonovo vojensk\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed. \u00davod, I.1."},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\u00daVOD<\/strong><\/div>\n
I<\/div>\n
DUCH V\u00c1LKY<\/div>\n
1. Rychlost operac\u00ed v modern\u00ed v\u00e1lce.<\/em><\/div>\n

Sv\u011bdky prvn\u00edch v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed gener\u00e1la Bonaparta ohromilo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm to, \u017ee byla bleskov\u00e1. Jeho ofenz\u00edva byla nesl\u00fdchan\u011b prudk\u00e1 a stolet\u00ed pot\u00e9 je to st\u00e1le tato hlavn\u00ed vlastnost, je\u017e v o\u010d\u00edch historika odli\u0161uje napoleonskou v\u00e1lku od v\u0161eho, co j\u00ed p\u0159ech\u00e1zelo (<\/a><\/a>1). Rychlost v n\u00ed tak v\u00fdznamnou roli, \u017ee je t\u0159eba ji pova\u017eovat za z\u00e1kladn\u00ed prvek, mo\u017en\u00e1 nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prvek Napoleonova v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Je zde tedy v\u00edce ne\u017e jen osobn\u00ed kvalita; jde o charakteristiku nov\u00e9 strategie, je\u017e p\u0159e\u017eila sv\u00e9ho tv\u016frce.<\/p>\n

Tato rychlost, tato \u017eivost ofenz\u00edvn\u00edch operac\u00ed nen\u00ed d\u00e1na jen Napoleonov\u00fdmi vrozen\u00fdmi dary; Cond\u00e9, Fridrich, dozajista men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e on, nicm\u00e9n\u011b obda\u0159en\u00ed mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou energi\u00ed a ohnivost\u00ed vedli drhu v\u00e1lky ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jeho velmi pomal\u00fd; a naopak, nejpr\u016fm\u011brn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed gener\u00e1lov\u00e9 19. stolet\u00ed byli schopni d\u00e1t ofenz\u00edv\u011b stejnou rychlost, kdykoli je nezpomalily jejich vlastn\u00ed chyby a nejistoty.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edstava, je\u017e se zrodila zcela p\u0159irozen\u011b, p\u0159isuzovala zprvu tuto transformaci v\u00e1lky velk\u00fdm ud\u00e1lostem, je\u017e ot\u0159\u00e1sly sv\u011btem ve chv\u00edli, kdy Bonaparte vstupoval na sc\u00e9nu. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed historikov\u00e9 tedy prohla\u0161uj\u00ed, \u017ee ducha v\u00e1lky obrodila Francouzsk\u00e1 revoluce; spat\u0159uj\u00ed propast mezi v\u00e1lkami kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdmi, veden\u00fdmi pro dobyt\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9ho m\u011bsta \u010di provincie, a v\u00e1lkou n\u00e1rodn\u00ed, je\u017e sm\u011b\u0159uje jen k pora\u017een\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edtele. Z t\u00e9to hlubok\u00e9 rozd\u00edlnosti v c\u00edlech operac\u00ed podle nich vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 nemen\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edlnost ve zp\u016fsobu jejich veden\u00ed, a jejich z\u00e1v\u011brem je, \u017ee byly-li v\u00e1lky 18. stolet\u00ed pomal\u00e9, a v\u00e1lky Napoleonovy naopak bleskov\u011b rychl\u00e9, d\u016fvodem jsou malichern\u00e9 starosti, \u201egeografick\u00e9 c\u00edle“ v prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, a urputn\u00fd z\u00e1pal zrozen\u00fd z revolu\u010dn\u00edho nad\u0161en\u00ed ve druh\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

Tato teze, prezentovan\u00e1 v\u00e1gn\u00edmi v\u00fdrazy a podpo\u0159en\u00e1 n\u011bkolika halasn\u00fdmi promluvami o v\u0161emocnosti n\u00e1rodn\u00edho c\u00edt\u011bn\u00ed, je do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry sv\u016fdn\u00e1 a zd\u00e1 se b\u00fdt \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b pravdiv\u00e1; zamysleme se ale nad osobnostmi, jich\u017e se t\u00fdk\u00e1, a okam\u017eit\u011b poc\u00edt\u00edme jej\u00ed pr\u00e1znost. Opravdu bychom uv\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee Ludv\u00edk XIV., Vil\u00e9m Oran\u017esk\u00fd, Fridrich Velik\u00fd, Marie-Terezie vedli pomal\u00fd a ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd zp\u016fsob v\u00e1lky, \u017ee utr\u00e1celi enormn\u00ed sumy na postaven\u00ed a vyzbrojen\u00ed sv\u00fdch jednotek, aby z nich nic nem\u011bli, a \u017ee, pokud by znali prost\u0159edek, jak\u00fdm co nejrychleji nep\u0159\u00edtele rozdrtit, v\u00e1hali by jej pou\u017e\u00edt? Nevedli by svou politiku hou\u017eevnat\u011bji, aby se vyhnuli zdr\u017een\u00edm p\u0159ed pevnostmi \u010di v zimn\u00edch kvart\u00fdrech, kdyby mohli zasahovat nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 moctnosti p\u0159\u00edmo do srdce? Pravdou je, \u017ee to vojensk\u00e9 postupy stolet\u00ed je nutily vy\u010dk\u00e1vat, odkl\u00e1dat rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, a to v d\u016fsledku n\u00edzk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti zbran\u00ed, nikoli formalismu \u010di skepticismu gener\u00e1l\u016f.<\/p>\n

Ti tvo\u0159ili nej\u00fa\u017easn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed plej\u00e1du velk\u00fdch kapit\u00e1n\u016f, je\u017e historie kdy zm\u00ednila, a jak\u00fd to ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed kontrast sestav\u00edme-li seznam t\u011bchto hrdin\u016f, Cond\u00e9 a Villars\u016f, a polo\u017e\u00edme-li jej vedle legendy, je\u017e vykresluje jejich v\u00e1lku jako dobrovoln\u011b slabou a bezv\u00fdznamnou!<\/p>\n

Touha zv\u00edt\u011bzit poh\u00e1n\u011bla panovn\u00edky, gener\u00e1ly a voj\u00e1ky stejn\u011b tak jako v dob\u00e1ch nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho revolu\u010dn\u00edho nad\u0161en\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd do v\u00e1lky vn\u00e1\u0161el krajn\u00ed energii a nikdo se nikdy nebil s takovou zb\u011bsilost\u00ed jako na\u0161i voj\u00e1ci star\u00e9 Francie: v\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m st\u0159etnut\u00ed, t\u0159etina bojovn\u00edk\u016f byla ob\u011btov\u00e1na. Jak zapomenout Rocroy a Fribourg, a Malplaquet a Denain, a stra\u0161n\u00e9 boje v hor\u00e1ch Chevert\u016f a Givry\u016f? Tito mu\u017ei, je\u017e Francie pos\u00edlala po stovk\u00e1ch tis\u00edc\u016f na hranice byli ostatn\u011b \u010dasto nov\u00e1\u010dky \u010di milicion\u00e1\u0159i, povolan\u00ed n\u00e1hle do v\u00e1lky, kte\u0159\u00ed bez chleba a bez st\u0159ev\u00edc\u016f, oble\u010den\u00ed do prost\u00e9 pl\u00e1t\u011bn\u00e9 haleny ustupovali od Prahy \u010di \u00fato\u010dili na Pierrelongue. Jsou to p\u0159edch\u016fdci n\u00e1rodn\u00edch dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f z roku 1791; jejich vnuci mohli o vlasti mluvit v\u00edce; br\u00e1nit ji l\u00e9pe v\u0161ak nikdy!<\/p>\n

Kdo se bije s takovou energi\u00ed, nezpomaluje operace zbyte\u010dn\u011b. Jsou-li v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 pochody pomal\u00e9, nevrh\u00e1-li se v\u00edt\u011bz na v bitv\u011b pora\u017een\u00fd sbor, je to proto, \u017ee jej k takov\u00e9mu postupu nevyhnuteln\u011b nut\u00ed primitivn\u00ed stav v\u00fdzbroje. Nejmen\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky zastavuj\u00ed ofenz\u00edvu a nut\u00ed i nejzan\u00edcen\u011bj\u0161\u00edho voj\u00e1ka hryzat se vzteky.<\/p>\n

Odvrhn\u011bme tedy tuto rozd\u00edlnost mezi v\u00e1lkou kr\u00e1lovskou a v\u00e1lkou n\u00e1rodn\u00ed, je\u017e nebere v potaz ani zbran\u011b, ani komunika\u010dn\u00ed cesty, ani ve\u0159ejn\u00fd rozpo\u010det. T\u011bm, kdo tuto teorii zast\u00e1vaj\u00ed, je docela jedno, bijeme-li se p\u00edkami \u010di opakovac\u00edmi pu\u0161kami, pochodujeme-li bl\u00e1tiv\u00fdmi p\u011b\u0161inami nebo po dobr\u00fdch zp\u011bvn\u011bn\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch, jestli mohou st\u00e1ty vydr\u017eovat 200 d\u011bl \u010di 20 000; mor\u00e1ln\u00edmi silami lze v\u0161e vysv\u011btlit tak pohodln\u011b!<\/p>\n

My jsme naproti tomu p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010deni, \u017ee mor\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edly, jejich\u017e anal\u00fdza je v\u017edy v\u00e1gn\u00ed a nejist\u00e1, do v\u011bci maj\u00ed vstoupit a\u017e pot\u00e9, kdy vy\u010derp\u00e1me souhrn argument\u016f mo\u017en\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b vzne\u0161en\u00fdch, ale je\u017e maj\u00ed v\u00fdhodu v jistot\u011b. Budeme tedy sledovat v\u00fdvoj paln\u00fdch zbran\u00ed od t\u0159icetilet\u00e9 v\u00e1lky po Revoluci; pop\u00ed\u0161eme, a to sou\u010dasn\u011b posouzen\u00edm i konstatov\u00e1n\u00edm historick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, jak tento v\u00fdvoj zm\u011bnil v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 metody od velk\u00e9ho Cond\u00e9ho po Napoleona. Nespokoj\u00edme se tedy s anal\u00fdzou taktick\u00fdch dokrt\u00edn platn\u00fdch kolem roku 1780, ale vyzdvihneme to, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry se li\u0161\u00ed od dokrt\u00edn p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edho stolet\u00ed, a pro\u010d je v\u00fdvoj zbran\u00ed jedin\u00fdm fundament\u00e1ln\u00edm d\u016fvodem t\u00e9to odli\u0161nosti.<\/p>\n

Touto cestou oz\u0159ejm\u00edme d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd bod spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed v tom, \u017ee kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka, inspirovan\u00e1 n\u011bjakou koncepc\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho c\u00edle, neexistovala; pozn\u00e1me, \u017ee tento c\u00edl byl nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d stalet\u00edmi st\u00e1le stejn\u00fd, ale \u017ee v\u00fdvoj zbran\u00ed p\u0159inesl st\u00e1le mocn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a rychlej\u0161\u00ed prost\u0159edky k jeho dosa\u017een\u00ed, a v d\u016fsledku jej umo\u017enil m\u00edt na z\u0159eteli bezprost\u0159edn\u011bji.<\/p>\n

Z jedn\u00e9 strany tak pozn\u00e1me taktick\u00e9 ideje, do nich\u017e mohl Bonaparte proniknout b\u011bhem sv\u00fdch studi\u00ed, \u010di z nich\u017e mohly vystoupit prvky jeho v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu; z druh\u00e9 strany obecn\u00e9 ideje o c\u00edli a duchu v\u00e1lky, s nimi\u017e se setkal ve vojensk\u00fdch d\u00edlech, je\u017e byla v 18. stolet\u00ed nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jako v\u00fdchoz\u00ed bod zvol\u00edme dobu velk\u00e9ho Cond\u00e9ho. Pr\u00e1v\u011b s n\u00edm toti\u017e star\u00e1 v\u00e1lka z\u00edskala svou nejcharakteristi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejdokonalej\u0161\u00ed formu; je jedin\u00fdm, kter\u00fd se m\u016f\u017ee sv\u00fdmi mor\u00e1ln\u00edmi kvalitami, z\u00e1palem, hou\u017eevnatost\u00ed, pro vojska fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed presti\u017e\u00ed Napoleonovi postavit po bok, a oproti Turennovi m\u00e1 tu dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhodu, \u017ee je\u0161t\u011b mohl vybojovat \u0159adu pravideln\u00fdch bitev, je\u017e poskytuj\u00ed ke studiu dostatek l\u00e1tky, zat\u00edmco v\u00edt\u011bz od Dunes ji\u017e nenalezl protivn\u00edka, kter\u00fd by p\u0159ijal rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed st\u0159et.<\/p>\n

Pozn\u00e1mky.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a>1) Viz p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Duhesme, Essai sur l’infanterie l\u00e9g\u00e8re, s. 116, 136 a dal\u0161\u00ed (vyd\u00e1n\u00ed z r. 1814).<\/p>\n

***<\/div>\n

Zp\u011bt na obsah<\/a>.<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st \u00favodu, podkapitola Rychlost operac\u00ed v modern\u00ed v\u00e1lce.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[129,6214],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-996","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezobrazovat-na-homepage","category-texty_bez_rubriky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/996","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=996"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/996\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12872,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/996\/revisions\/12872"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=996"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=996"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.austerlitz.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=996"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}